Given the power to travel in time, which period would you choose for your tour? Well, here’s one to consider: the early Holocene. Well, to be more precise 9,600BC in what is now eastern Turkey. That period and place are known to have been pivotal in human prehistory, although they left precious few traces.
It was during this time that certain plants and animals were domesticated, which led to the farming revolution and permanent changes in human technology, culture and diet. What better moment could there be to delve into? And now, thanks to some incredible recent discoveries close to the ancient city of Urfa (officially now Sanlıurfa, but usually called simply Urfa), we have a tangible physical trace of that momentous turning point in humanity’s development.
One morning in 1994, Professor Klaus Schmidt of the German Archaeological Institute in Istanbul, went for a walk in a range of low hills nine miles north-east of Urfa. It was not exactly an aimless amble: Schmidt had been excavating several neolithic sites in the area and was on the hunt for more. In his pocket was a list of interesting locations generated by a 1960s survey. One, marked as of minor interest, was a small hill, Gobëkli Tepe, the “belly-shaped mound”. Approaching it, Schmidt saw something promising in the shape: “It was clearly manmade.”
The hills in this area are given over to sheep and goats, while the valley below is the scene of intensive mechanised agriculture. The agrarian revolution has hardly had a beautifying effect here in its original home, but Schmidt knew this had once been a rich savannah, alive with wild animals and birds. As he reached the highest point, he began to pick up flint arrowheads, dozens of them.
Local landowner Mahmut Yildiz, who was with him, led him to the only tree on the hill, right at the top. It was tied with ribbons, and Yildiz told how locals believed it was a holy site. Schmidt spotted several large rocks about a metre long and a third as wide. A quick inspection suggested these were manmade, and ancient.
“I knew right then,” Schmidt tells me as we survey the site, “that this place would occupy me for the rest of my life.”
What he had found was the most significant stone age discovery of the century, perhaps of all time. The large monoliths proved to be the tops of five-metre-high standing stones, vaguely human-shaped but carved with animal figures. Radar investigation revealed the stones to be laid in a circle, and that there were a further 20 such circles.
When the first carbon-dating was done, the results were staggering. Gobëkli Tepe was between 10,800 and 11,600 years old, making it the most ancient monument ever found by more than five millennia. According to the textbooks it could not exist: human hunter-gatherer societies at that time simply did not possess the skills and resources to construct such a place. But here it was, a stone age marvel that had ripped up those very textbooks.
And what was it? Temple? Burial mound? Meeting hall? No one knew. But one thing was certain: Gobëkli Tepe would one day be known to every schoolchild on earth and was destined to become a major travel destination, ranked alongside the Great Pyramids, Persepolis and Stonehenge.
These days you drive up to the site, and the stony ground has been cleared sufficiently for the occasional tourist bus to park. Word is starting to spread. Yildiz has brought in a makeshift table and sells postcards and books. Most days he has a few customers, sometimes several dozen.
As you approach the site, you see a few huts but not much else. The ground is still dotted with arrow flints. Then you round the hill. Even if you’ve seen the pictures of the site on the internet, it is quite extraordinary: an area of hillside the size of three tennis courts dug out to a depth of seven or eight metres to reveal dozens of huge monoliths. There is a raised boardwalk so you can move over the area easily, watching the archaeologists at work.
The astonishing thing here is that so much is unknown: any visitor can have an opinion. Is that carving of a fox or a wolf? Was the site ever roofed? Why have no human bones been found?
I arrive just after dawn and, by good fortune, find Schmidt there. “We are expecting to find burials,” he says, “in the walls, perhaps.”
From the beginning, Schmidt has insisted that visitors be allowed on the site. “When word got out and people were arriving from all over the world,” he says, “I knew we had to let them see what was here.”
We walk together along the boardwalk. Teams of local men are digging with long-handled shovels, shaving away at the layers. Our conversation is interrupted continually as the professor is called away to look at finds or comment on progress. I wait for him, examining the stones carefully. What had appeared at first to be rectangular stones I now see are actually T-shaped, giving the sense of a “head” on top. Halfway down the side are parallel notches that look like fingers resting on a belt from which hangs a carved loincloth.
“It’s clear the stones are anthropomorphic,” says the professor when he returns to me. “But they are faceless – monumental spirits, or mythical ancestors, or gods. On them are carved animals – snakes, boars, foxes, spiders.”
These are not the animals the people would have hunted. A line of ducks on one stone looks positively pastoral, nothing like those cave paintings showing human hunting expeditions, with the quarry fleeing from stick-like figures waving spears.
“The carved animals are clearly aspects of the T-shaped figures,” says Schmidt. “They are the animals we would find in fairy tales.”
One of the assistants comes over to discuss progress with the professor. I stand admiring the carvings. Here are the very creatures that we still use as archetypes: the busy spider, the cunning fox, the majestic lion. It gives the mysterious faceless figures an oddly familiar look. I feel I would recognise the people who made them, and with an able translator, understand their stories, perhaps even their jokes.
There is obviously work enough for several generations of archaeologists to get their teeth into. When I finally say goodbye to Professor Schmidt, he agrees: “I’ve been working here for 18 years and there is a routine, but there is still excitement too. Every campaign we discover more. There’s at least 50 years’ worth of research here.”
Thanks to coldrum for the link. For more, see http://www.pasthorizonspr.com
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