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<< Our Photo Pages >> Grime's Graves Flint Mines - Ancient Mine, Quarry or other Industry in England in Norfolk

Submitted by ermine on Tuesday, 11 April 2017  Page Views: 38269

Multi-periodSite Name: Grime's Graves Flint Mines Alternative Name: Grimes Graves
Country: England County: Norfolk Type: Ancient Mine, Quarry or other Industry

Map Ref: TL817898  Landranger Map Number: 144
Latitude: 52.475878N  Longitude: 0.673940E
Condition:
5Perfect
4Almost Perfect
3Reasonable but with some damage
2Ruined but still recognisable as an ancient site
1Pretty much destroyed, possibly visible as crop marks
0No data.
-1Completely destroyed
4 Ambience:
5Superb
4Good
3Ordinary
2Not Good
1Awful
0No data.
5 Access:
5Can be driven to, probably with disabled access
4Short walk on a footpath
3Requiring a bit more of a walk
2A long walk
1In the middle of nowhere, a nightmare to find
0No data.
4 Accuracy:
5co-ordinates taken by GPS or official recorded co-ordinates
4co-ordinates scaled from a detailed map
3co-ordinates scaled from a bad map
2co-ordinates of the nearest village
1co-ordinates of the nearest town
0no data
3

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I have visited· I would like to visit

SteveC Catrinm would like to visit

Couplands visited on 13th May 2023 - their rating: Cond: 5 Amb: 5 Access: 3

pawel visited on 3rd Sep 2019 - their rating: Cond: 4 Amb: 5 Access: 5

ermine visited on 6th Apr 2017 - their rating: Cond: 3 Amb: 4 Access: 4 It's worth bearing in mind that to see much underground you will need to enter the shaft on hands and knees, so dress accordingly. The temperature is about 10C. The flint was mined from the chalk using red deer antlers that had been naturally shed - the antler material is hardest when just shed. There are two other pits which have been entered by the public on the site - one which is now closed was the one open to the public in the 1960s and 70s, and the current public access pit, Pit One. (part 4 of 4)

ermine visited on 6th Apr 2017 - their rating: Cond: 3 Amb: 4 Access: 4 English Heritage have opened up a new pit to occasional public access. Greenwell Pit is one of the 433 on the Grimes Graves neolithic flint mine site at Grimes Graves. I was on the first public descent into this pit – it had of course been opened and entered before by archaeologists, but the 6th April was the first time it had been opened to the public. (part 1 of 4)

ermine visited on 6th Apr 2017 - their rating: Cond: 3 Amb: 4 Access: 4 There’s not much to see above ground at Grimes Graves, this is a mine, after all, so all the action happened underground. The surface is pockmarked by depressions where the backfill has settled, and sheep are used to keep the ground clear. (part 2 of 4)

ermine visited on 6th Apr 2017 - their rating: Cond: 3 Amb: 4 Access: 4 Unlike the public access pit this one will generally be via restricted ticketing, the event I was at was a members event. The English Heritage description of the event

thanks to a new winch and harness system we can now access Greenwell’s Pit and see a mining shaft in its original archaeological state. Join our Neolithic expert Will Lord and discover the history and archaeology of the site before he leads the descent in to the newly opened pit. This event has been graded as challenging access as the descent in to the pit is by winch and harness only and will require an extended period underground.
made it sound like we were going to abseil into the pit, but although visitors are kitted up with a harness and attached to a winch with a breakaway cable, this is only a safety requirement in case someone slips or has a heart attack underground, entry is quite conventional, down a steel ladder. (part 3 of 4)

Jansold visited on 14th Apr 2014 - their rating: Cond: 2 Amb: 4 Access: 5

kith visited on 1st Dec 2010 - their rating: Cond: 4 Amb: 5 Access: 4 A great experience. One shaft is open to the public at certain times. Check online for details. Don the provided hard hat and decend the shaft to view side shafts and artefacts. The surrounding area, with other shafts, either marked or filled, can we rambled on at leasure throughout the year.

Andy B: would like to visit Flint mines seen in Episode Four of BBC's History of Ancient Britain

coin visited - their rating: Cond: 4 Amb: 4 Access: 5

NickyD visited - their rating: Cond: 4 Amb: 4 Access: 4

neolithique02 SandyG mrcrow myf AnnabelleStar have visited here

Average ratings for this site from all visit loggers: Condition: 3.5 Ambience: 4.3 Access: 4.2

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by ermine : Descent into Greenwell Pit - ladder (Vote or comment on this photo)
On the surface, the mine-shafts of Grime's Graves appear to be countless. English Heritage reckons that there are 433 of them surviving as shallow pits over 17 acres of Norfolk heath land (take a look at the aerial photograph on MultiMap for an overview.) Digging with antler picks and in use from 3000BC to the Early Bronze Age, the deepest shafts go down 30 feet into the hard chalk.

The pits are so close to each other that they could not all have been in use at the same time. As a new shaft was dug, the excavated chalk would have been tipped into exhausted neighbouring ones. Why did men go to such lengths to acquire flint when so much can be picked up on the surface or in river gravel?

The answer lies in the quality of the underground flint. There are three bands - topstone, wallstone and floorstone. Floorstone is the finest and was reached by digging narrow, low, horizontal tunnels that radiate out from the bottom of the shafts. This flint is black, shiny and flawless looking much like the volcanic glass of obsidian. It is quite different in texture to the grey frost shattered flint found on the surface. So desirable was this flint that a massive industrial site developed here with trade routes spreading out in all directions. It really does make us think about the nature of society in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Surely this was no simple society of farmers and herders, but a complex mining community with extensive trade routes and an economy capable of rewarding, feeding and housing the workforce and traders. Just how far did the "black gold" travel?

Early man must have used pole ladders to descend into the pits, but today the visitor can descend 30 feet into one shaft by means of a vertical, body-caged metal ladder. The entrance is quite narrow, but the shaft opens out into a bell shape as you descend into the darkness. Seams of wallstone can be seen gleaming in the roughly hewn chalk sides of the pit. At the bottom, the radiating galleries are lit by electric lamps, which unfortunately encourage the growth of algae. These tunnels are only three or four feet high to begin with and rapidly decrease to a really tight squeeze. Francis Pryor tells in "Britain BC" how he got horribly stuck in one when he visited as a schoolboy. Today, Health and Safety Regulations mean that you cannot go into these galleries, but you can look into them quite clearly. The roofs are supported by modern pit-props. Managed by English Heritage, Grimes's Grave's is a fantastic place and well worth a visit, but not if you don't like enclosed spaces or are uncomfortable on ladders!

Text by Thorgrim

Note: Richard M (Ermine) was on the first public descent into Greenwell Pit flint mine on the 6th of April, here is his visit log
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Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by Thorgrim : One of the low tunnels that radiate out from the bottom of the 30ft deep mine shaft (Vote or comment on this photo)

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by Thorgrim : Galleries radiate out from the bottom of the mine shaft in search of the top quality "floorstone" flint. They are only two or three feet high and would have been a tight squeeze (Vote or comment on this photo)

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by Thorgrim : Shiny black nodules of flint gleam in the rough chalk walls of the shaft. (2 comments - Vote or comment on this photo)

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by neolithique02 : Grime's Graves - Neolithic Flint Mine Image copyright: Néolithique02, hosted on Flickr and displayed under the terms of their API. (Vote or comment on this photo)

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by SandyG : Early industry. The risk of collapse must have been considerable as of course were the rewards.

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by postman : A tiny part of Grime's Graves Flint Mines.

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by postman

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by postman

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by Thorgrim : Just a few of the 433 mine shafts to be seen as shallow pits on the surface (1 comment)

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by JoAtherton : A Neolithic flint mine which was in use around 5,000 years ago. It was very atmospheric to descend deep into one of the ancient caverns and experience what it might have been like, working deep into the earth. English Heritage explains that 'the name Grime’s Graves, together with that of Grimshoe mound on the eastern side of the site, is Anglo-Saxon in origin.' The Anglo-Saxons believe...

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by JoAtherton

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by Antonine : 2009

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by Antonine

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by Antonine

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by ermine : One of the radial shafts at Grimes, Graves, Greenwell Pit. Originally the floor would have been covered in flint

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by ermine : Antler picks, Greenwell Pit, Grimes Graves

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by ermine : Grazing sheep used to keep the English Heritage site of Grimes Graves clear of trees and brushwood

Grime's Graves Flint Mines Stamp
Grime's Graves Flint Mines Stamp submitted by dodomad : Grime's Graves Flint Mines, Norfolk, England c2500 BC One of the Royal Mail collection of eight 'Ancient Britain' stamps for January 2017 See more in our Megalithic Stamp Collection

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by neolithique02 : Grime's Graves - Neolithic Flint Mine Image copyright: Néolithique02, hosted on Flickr and displayed under the terms of their API.

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by neolithique02

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by neolithique02

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by neolithique02

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by neolithique02

Grime's Graves Flint Mines
Grime's Graves Flint Mines submitted by neolithique02

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 316m SSW 201° Grimes Puddingstone Marker Stone (TL816895)
 1.3km WNW 285° Grimes Graves Barrows* Round Barrow(s) (TL804901)
 3.2km SE 134° Blood Hill* Round Barrow(s) (TL84078765)
 3.4km WSW 244° Pepper Hill* Round Barrow(s) (TL787882)
 4.6km SW 226° Brandon Heritage Museum Museum (TL785865)
 5.1km N 10° Lynford Middle Paleolithic Site* Not Known (by us) (TL82409484)
 5.7km ESE 102° Mickle Hill Tumulus* Round Barrow(s) (TL873888)
 6.6km SW 225° White Hill, Suffolk* Round Barrow(s) (TL77168497)
 8.4km SE 144° Thetford Puddingstones* Marker Stone (TL8684583181)
 8.6km SSE 149° Thetford Barrow Round Barrow(s) (TL86358256)
 9.1km SE 143° Thetford Castle* Hillfort (TL875828)
 9.7km ESE 102° East Wretham Heath Earthwork* Misc. Earthwork (TL91278814)
 9.8km NNE 29° Little Cressingham Barrow Cemetery* Barrow Cemetery (TL861986)
 11.3km SSE 157° Barnham Puddingstone Marker Stone (TL865796)
 11.9km SSE 157° Mill House Barrow Round Barrow(s) (TL867790)
 11.9km SSE 157° Millfield Barn Round Barrow(s) (TL86717898)
 12.0km ESE 105° Peddars Way* Ancient Trackway (TL9341287119)
 12.1km SE 136° Seven Hills Barrow Cemetery Barrow Cemetery (TL904814)
 12.1km NE 42° Merton Stone* Natural Stone / Erratic / Other Natural Feature (TL895991)
 12.3km SSE 147° Barnham Heath Pit Natural Stone / Erratic / Other Natural Feature (TL887797)
 14.5km N 354° St Mary’s Chapel, Cockley Cley* Ancient Temple (TF79550411)
 14.5km E 95° Larling Heath Tumulus Round Barrow(s) (TL96268912)
 14.6km N 356° Cockley Cley Iceni Village* Museum (TF802043)
 14.7km SSW 205° How Hill Round Barrow(s) (TL75987626)
 15.5km S 173° Traveller's Hill* Round Barrow(s) (TL842745)
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"Grime's Graves Flint Mines" | Login/Create an Account | 13 News and Comments
  
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Guided Descent into Greenwell's Pit - Wed 10th October (EH Members) by Andy B on Thursday, 06 September 2018
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GUIDED DESCENT TO GREENWELL PIT
Wed 10 Oct 10am - 12pm & 12.30pm - 2.30pm

Grime’s Graves is the only Neolithic flint mine open to visitors in Britain. It was not until one of the 400 pits in this grassy lunar landscape was excavated in 1870, that they were identified as flint mines dug over 5,000 years ago. At present only Pit One in the north -west part of the site is open to the public. Thanks to a new winch and harness system visitors can now access Greenwell’s Pit and see a mining shaft in its original archaeological state.

Join our Neolithic expert Will Lord as he gives a talk on the archaeology of the site and a general overview of its history. Using the new facilities available he will then lead an exclusive descent down into the Greenwell Pit itself.

This event has been graded challenging. The descent into the pit will require harnesses and a period of being underground. You will be assisted by two members of trained site staff. One will be within the pit at all times and the other on the surface. Maximum weight for the tripod is 300lbs (136kg). The terrain is complex, there may be uneven ground and steps with limited lighting due to the time and the descent. Sturdy footwear and please dress for the weather. Please note this event is not suitable for those under 16 years of age.

PRICES
Member (Adult) £35.00
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/whats-on/guided-decent-to-greenwell-pit-10-10-19/
[ Reply to This ]

New research suggesting long-distance movement of cattle in the Bronze Age by Andy B on Friday, 08 June 2018
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New research published suggests long-distance movement of cattle in the Bronze Age
October 12, 2017

Bioarchaeological evidence suggests that the site of Grimes Graves, Norfolk, characterised by the remains of several hundred Late Neolithic flint mineshafts, was a permanently settled community with a mixed farming economy during the Mid-Late Bronze Age (c. 1400 BCE – c. 800 BCE).

The aim of this study was to investigate, through isotope ratio analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O), the origins and husbandry of Bronze Age cattle (Bos taurus) excavated from a mineshaft known as the “1972 shaft”. Strontium isotope ratios from the molar enamel of ten Grimes Graves cattle were compared with eight modern animals from the Chillingham Wild White cattle herd, Northumberland.

The range of 87Sr/86Sr values for the modern cattle with known restricted mobility was low (0.00062) while the values for the Grimes Graves cattle varied much more widely (range = 0.00357) and suggest that at least five of the cattle were not born locally. Two of these animals were likely to have originated at a distance of ≥150 km.

Intra-tooth δ13Cprofiles for eight of the Grimes Graves cattle show higher δ13Cvalues compared to those of Early Bronze Age cattle from central England. Most of these profiles also display pronounced shifts in δ13C during the period of enamel formation.

One possible interpretation is that the cattle were subject to dietary change resulting from movement between habitats with different vegetation δ13C values. More comparative data, both archaeological and modern, is required to validate this interpretation.

The multi-isotope approach employed in this study suggests that certain cattle husbandry and/or landscape management practices may have been widely adopted throughout central Britain during the Mid-Late Bronze Age.

The full report is in the Journal of Archaeological Science Reports. (subscription required)

https://archaeologyorkney.com/2017/10/12/new-research-published-suggests-long-distance-movement-of-cattle-in-the-bronze-age/
[ Reply to This ]
    Re: New research suggests long-distance movement of cattle in the Bronze Age by Andy B on Friday, 08 June 2018
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    An isotopic investigation into the origins and husbandry of Mid-Late Bronze Age cattle from Grimes Graves, Norfolk
    Jacqueline Towers, Julie Bond, Jane Evans, Ingrid Mainland, Janet Montgomery

    Bioarchaeological evidence suggests that the site of Grimes Graves, Norfolk, characterised by the remains of several hundred Late Neolithic flint mineshafts, was a permanently settled community with a mixed farming economy during the Mid-Late Bronze Age (c. 1400 BCE – c. 800 BCE). The aim of this study was to investigate, through isotope ratio analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O), the origins and husbandry of Bronze Age cattle (Bos taurus) excavated from a mineshaft known as the “1972 shaft”. Strontium isotope ratios from the molar enamel of ten Grimes Graves cattle were compared with eight modern animals from the Chillingham Wild White cattle herd, Northumberland. The range of 87Sr/86Sr values for the modern cattle with known restricted mobility was low (0.00062) while the values for the Grimes Graves cattle varied much more widely (range = 0.00357) and suggest that at least five of the cattle were not born locally. Two of these animals were likely to have originated at a distance of ≥ 150 km. Intra-tooth δ13C profiles for eight of the Grimes Graves cattle show higher δ13C values compared to those of Early Bronze Age cattle from central England. Most of these profiles also display pronounced shifts in δ13C during the period of enamel formation. One possible interpretation is that the cattle were subject to dietary change resulting from movement between habitats with different vegetation δ13C values. More comparative data, both archaeological and modern, is required to validate this interpretation. The multi-isotope approach employed in this study suggests that certain cattle husbandry and/or landscape management practices may have been widely adopted throughout central Britain during the Mid-Late Bronze Age.

    Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
    Volume 15, October 2017, Pages 59-72

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.07.007
    [ Reply to This ]

Grime's Graves Flint Mine Papers by Andy B on Wednesday, 22 November 2017
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W Greenwell, ‘On the opening of Grime’s Graves in Norfolk’, Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, new series, 2 (1870), 419–39

RJ Mercer, Grimes Graves, Norfolk: Excavations 1971–72, volume 1 (London, 1981).

NT Linford, L Martin and J Holmes, Grime's Graves, Norfolk: Report on Geophysical Survey, November 2007, English Heritage Research Report 64/2009 (Swindon, 2009)

Source:
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/grimes-graves-prehistoric-flint-mine/history/research/

http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/grimes-graves-prehistoric-flint-mine/history/

http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/grimes-graves-prehistoric-flint-mine/history/sources/
[ Reply to This ]

Grime's Graves Radiocarbon Dating and Chronological Modelling by Andy B on Wednesday, 22 November 2017
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This report contains details of all the radiocarbon determinations obtained on samples dated from Grime’s Graves up to the end of 2012. A series of chronological models is presented, providing a more precise chronology for the site.

F Healy et al, Grime's Graves, Weeting-with-Broomhill, Norfolk:
Radiocarbon Dating and Chronological Modelling,
English Heritage Research Report 27/2014
Bayliss, A, Bronk Ramsey, C, Cook, G T, Dunbar, E, Healy, F, Marshall, P, van der Plicht, J

Grime's Graves Radiocarbon Dating and Chronological Modelling (PDF)
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The first public descent into Greenwell Pit at Grime's Graves Flint Mines by Andy B on Tuesday, 11 April 2017
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Ermine (Richard M) writes: English Heritage have opened up a new pit at Grime's Graves to occasional public access. Greenwell Pit is one of the 422 neolithic flint mines at Grimes Graves. I was on the first public descent into this pit – it had of course been opened and entered before by archaeologists, but the 6th April was the first time it had been opened to the public.

Here is his site visit log
http://www.megalithic.co.uk/visit_blog.php?name=ermine&tripid=10
[ Reply to This ]

Video: Descend into the flint mine by Andy B on Friday, 24 March 2017
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Made by BBC Look East

https://www.facebook.com/bbclookeast/videos/1360016287412580/
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Take a look inside a prehistoric mine shaft at Grime’s Graves by Andy B on Friday, 24 March 2017
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Take a look inside a prehistoric mine shaft at Grime’s Graves which has been opened to the public for the first time

English Heritage are opening up a second flint mine for the first time. A new winch and harness system has made Greenwell's pit accessible to the public.

Visitors to an ancient Norfolk landmark will be given access to part of the site which has never been opened to the public.

The 12 metre deep prehistoric mine shaft Greenwell’s Pit at Grime’s Graves, near Thetford, is one of more than 400 pits dug at the 4,500 year old site.

Although people have been able to go down and look inside Pit One on the site, Greenwell’s Pit differs in that it remains in its original archaeological state.

Special tours set up by English Heritage, who cares for the site, will enable people to descend into the dark pit, using a ladder and winch, where they will be able to see the marks made by Neolithic humans as they excavated flint to make tools, weapons and ceremonial objects.

Rob Pyatt, from English Heritage, will be giving the tours to people when they visit.

He said: “I am so excited. Pit One is great, but it is a polished version of this pit. This is as good as it gets really and as close as what our ancestors would have worked in.”

More at
EDP24
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Overview of the previous history of investigation at Grimes Graves by Andy B on Monday, 11 May 2015
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M Barber, D Field, P Topping (2000) Grime's Graves, Norfolk. RCHME Survey Report.

Analytical earthwork survey and ground modelling of the Neolithic flint mining complex known as Grime's Graves, in Norfolk, were undertaken by the RCHME in 1995. The full survey report, not yet available as a pdf, can be obtained at (or via) the Historic England Archive.

The survey and general discussion can be found in Barber et al (1999) The Neolithic Flint Mines of England. The attached document here is an unfinished overview from c1998 of the previous history of investigation at Grimes Graves, only a very very brief summary of which appeared in the 2000 report.

https://www.academia.edu/11887439/M_Barber_D_Field_P_Topping_2000_Grimes_Graves_Norfolk._RCHME_Survey_Report
[ Reply to This ]

Re: Grime's Graves Flint Mines by Anonymous on Sunday, 23 January 2011
Vicky asked 'just how far did this "black gold" travel?' How would one analyse floorstone, has a survey been done, what's the record?
[ Reply to This ]

Re: Grime's Graves Flint Mines by Andy B on Monday, 01 September 2008
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Feature article from British Archaeology on Grimes Graves:
http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba72/feat2.shtml
[ Reply to This ]

New centre proposed for Grimes Graves by Andy B on Wednesday, 21 June 2006
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It was just a nanosecond in the life of a 5,000 year old mining village.

But budding archaeologists marked a special anniversary at the weekend by delving deeper into the history of one of East Anglia's prehistoric treasures.

Seventy five years after Grimes Graves, on the Norfolk-Suffolk border, was first opened to the public, English Heritage is set to bring the Neolithic flint mining site into the 21st century.

Officials from the Stone Age village revealed at the weekend plans to launch a virtual tour of the unique 37 hectare site, near Mundford, and a proposal for a new visitor centre for the next 75 years.

More than 300 amateur historians descended on the site on Saturday and Sunday for guided tours, expert advice on flint finds, and to watch the ancient tool making skills of flintknapping.

Grimes Graves, which was first opened to the public in 1931, has a grassy lunar like landscape of more than 400 pits and Britain's only accessible flint mine. It is also home to a host of rare wild flowers and birds, like the skylark, nightjar, and woodlark.

Between 2100 and 1800BC, it was a place for flint excavation and tool making and from 1000 to 800BC it was used by Bronze Age farmers.

Dave Mcomish, archaeologist for English Heritage in Cambridge, said television programmes like Time Team had made historical sites more popular. He added that visitors had brought in some "fantastic" axe heads and cutting tools over the anniversary weekend.

"In the British Isles there are ten known sites and only one accessible flint mine, so we are lucky to have Grimes Graves."

"Over the last ten years, archaeology has been exposed to a huge television audience and we are seeing lots and lots of people getting involved. It is incredible that people doing their gardening are picking up flint implements and recognising them without being an expert or going to university."
More: EA Daily Press
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Re: Grime's Graves Flint Mines by Anonymous on Tuesday, 22 March 2005
WELL WORTH A VISIT BOTH FOR THE MINES THEMSELVES AND A CHANCE TO SEE THE HEATH ENVIRONMENT THAT EXISTED PRIOR TO THE CREATION OF THETFORD FOREST AN OFT QUOTED SITE IN THE LITERATURE YET APPEARS POORLY EQUIPPED AS A MODERN HERITAGE SITE. ABUNDANT WASTE FLAKES BROUGHT TO THE SURFACE BY RABBITS.
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