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Pictures from the Past: Art and Symbols of the Neolithic and Bronze Age
Pictures from the Past: Art and Symbols of the Neolithic and Bronze Age

Stonehenge: The Story So Far, Julian Richards
Stonehenge: The Story So Far, Julian Richards

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Moderated by : Andy B , TimPrevett , coldrum , Klingon , MickM , TheCaptain , bat400 , davidmorgan , Runemage , SolarMegalith , sem

The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map : Index >> Stones Forum >> Stonehenge Lintel Awareness Campaign
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Author Stonehenge Lintel Awareness Campaign
Lintelman



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 Posted 30-08-2012 at 16:11   
Sem, to be honest, I'm having difficulty understanding your point of view. Am I to assume that you reject any sort of post-"enlightenment" reasoning behind the construction? If so, then maybe you're chucking the baby out with the bathwater. Isn't it rather a 20th century concept that prehistoric people could not think in the way that we call 'rational'? Whilst I would sincerely hope they were not slaves to the ideas that later came from Liebnitz and Dawkins, it is clear that they had some knowledge of levers and the straightness of light, even though they may not have conceived of them as we do. Why must everything be mystical and poetic? Could it be that that the pastoral idealism of 19th century characters like Blake and Ruskin has created, through our divisive educational systems, a bigotry that inhibits consideration of prehistoric people as more rounded than ourselves?

Francis Pryor refers to the Tyranny of Technology coming with the first metal smelting. I can certainly see the logic in this statement but wonder if it emerged from, not so much objective evidence, as a British 20th century paradigm where there is positivistic science on one side of the brain and poetic intuition on the other, and n'ere the twain shall meet.

What I have seen, Sem, is an uncanny intuitive ability of certain people to deal with numbers, others with the visualisation of shapes and yet others with materials. This is not necessarily connected with 'the scientific method' - that which is commonly referred to as science. It is more like the skill some people display with words, imagery and music.

But I'm probably reading too much into your words.




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sem



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 Posted 30-08-2012 at 23:05   
Thanks Lintelman
I take that as a compliment, as I have spent many years trying to figure out the "mind-set" of prehistoric man.
You said:-
"What I have seen, Sem, is an uncanny intuitive ability of certain people to deal with numbers, others with the visualisation of shapes and yet others with materials. This is not necessarily connected with 'the scientific method' - that which is commonly referred to as science. It is more like the skill some people display with words, imagery and music."
This seems as close as I have come to it.
Sem






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tiompan



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 Posted 31-08-2012 at 07:51   
Sem & Lintleman , just as historical homo saps have shown an ability to excel in the arts , practical skills , and use of the scientific method , often in the same person , why preclude those from prehistory . The scientific method has been in use from the begininng of recorded history and would have been necessary to ensure that astronomical alignments within architecture were repeatable . We know the visual artistic ability of ancient man , sadly we don't know their poetry ,drama ,music etc but they were also more than just practical and artistic they were also scientific .

George



Quote:

On 2012-08-30 23:05, sem wrote:
Thanks Lintelman
I take that as a compliment, as I have spent many years trying to figure out the "mind-set" of prehistoric man.
You said:-
"What I have seen, Sem, is an uncanny intuitive ability of certain people to deal with numbers, others with the visualisation of shapes and yet others with materials. This is not necessarily connected with 'the scientific method' - that which is commonly referred to as science. It is more like the skill some people display with words, imagery and music."
This seems as close as I have come to it.
Sem










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Runemage



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 Posted 31-08-2012 at 21:57   
Francis Pryor refers to the Tyranny of Technology coming with the first metal smelting. I can certainly see the logic in this statement but wonder if it emerged from, not so much objective evidence, as a British 20th century paradigm where there is positivistic science on one side of the brain and poetic intuition on the other, and n'ere the twain shall meet.

I've just reviewed a book with this very theme, it will be live shortly. There's a society called the Starwatchers who live gently upon the earth and record their observations on the stones surrounding passage mounds From out of nowhere comes the Invaders, the first miners for metal and their smiths, plundering the landscape, hunting food animals to extinction, giving nothing back, leaving only wounds and scars and death. The book is not strictly fiction as it's based on archaeological evidence, or in view of your comment, should that be 21st century Man's interpretation of the archaeological evidence?

Rune




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Lintelman



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 Posted 02-09-2012 at 08:37   
Rune,
I think we are at cross-purposes. My argument, as George and possibly Sem, is that the sort of suggestion that there are 'good' thoughtful and poetic races, and greedy, dirty scientific or engineering ones, is simplistic nonsense, and unhelpful in epistemological terms, to say the least. The book you have reviewed would seem to fall squarely into that category!!
Jack




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SonofHerne



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 Posted 07-09-2012 at 19:57   
interesting conversation. I, too, have tried to get into a neolithic or bronze age mindset, but untimately I never will be able to more than a certain degree because I know the sun will rise tomorrow and that there's not a spirit in the moon, or the chalk, and that if I walk out on the Stonehenge cursus the spirits of the ancient dead aren't there to grab me (I hope!)
Rune, I've read a few prehistoric based novels which have had exactly the same plot you described. TBH all the studies I've done haven't shown neolithic people as being all that peaceful. Look up Crickley Hill. Many bones from long barrows have been reassessed and have been found to have suffered cranial trauma, generally on the left side (so delivered by a right handed person weilding a weapon.) There is quite a disturbing trend of 'not normal' burials in the terminal ends of henges and 'cult barrows' as well. The people of the early bronze age may have looked more martial with their finery and barbared arrowsbut actually there is probably LESS evidence of out and out violence (it starts to heat up again the late bronze age, possibljavascript:%20x()y due to deteriorating climate.)




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tiompan



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 Posted 07-09-2012 at 20:06   
More like 20th C . view . The Late Neolithic -Early Bronze Age (Chalcolithic anyone ? ) transition was far more nuanced than the Beaker /metal association transforming the communal burial egalitarian Neos into single grave big man culture ,imagined in the past .
George
Quote:

On 2012-08-31 21:57, Runemage wrote:
Francis Pryor refers to the Tyranny of Technology coming with the first metal smelting. I can certainly see the logic in this statement but wonder if it emerged from, not so much objective evidence, as a British 20th century paradigm where there is positivistic science on one side of the brain and poetic intuition on the other, and n'ere the twain shall meet.

I've just reviewed a book with this very theme, it will be live shortly. There's a society called the Starwatchers who live gently upon the earth and record their observations on the stones surrounding passage mounds From out of nowhere comes the Invaders, the first miners for metal and their smiths, plundering the landscape, hunting food animals to extinction, giving nothing back, leaving only wounds and scars and death. The book is not strictly fiction as it's based on archaeological evidence, or in view of your comment, should that be 21st century Man's interpretation of the archaeological evidence?

Rune








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Feanor



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 Posted 08-09-2012 at 02:13   
Quote:

On 2012-09-07 19:57, SonofHerne wrote:
interesting conversation. I, too, have tried to get into a neolithic or bronze age mindset, but ultimately I never will be able to more than a certain degree because I know the sun will rise tomorrow and that there's not a spirit in the moon, or the chalk, and that if I walk out on the Stonehenge cursus the spirits of the ancient dead aren't there to grab me (I hope!)
Rune, I've read a few prehistoric based novels which have had exactly the same plot you described. TBH all the studies I've done haven't shown neolithic people as being all that peaceful. Look up Crickley Hill. Many bones from long barrows have been reassessed and have been found to have suffered cranial trauma, generally on the left side (so delivered by a right handed person wielding a weapon.) There is quite a disturbing trend of 'not normal' burials in the terminal ends of henges and 'cult barrows' as well. The people of the early bronze age may have looked more martial with their finery and barbed arrows but actually there is probably LESS evidence of out and out violence (it starts to heat up again the late bronze age, possibly due to deteriorating climate.)



Man O Man! - they'll let Anybody in here!

Good to see you Herne's Son. (About time!)

One of the advantages we have, being 21st Century, is that we can walk out on the Cursus and imagine the spirits of the air, earth and chalk. We don't have to subscribe to it, but understand that They did.
A small but important distinction, I think, and lends itself to a greater view of the surrounds.

I have been a long-time subscriber to the image of Late Neolithic People being far less violent in the big picture than perhaps the average person might suppose. But this is not simply because I want it to be that way.

I am seeing evidence of cooperation throughout the British Isles on a scale that was previously unheard of.
Did they have squabbles? Of course they did. Crimes of passion are universal. We have solid evidence for it as well.

But they were a Resourced-Based Economy, if you will - not a Money-Based one.

"I can't give you this cow because it's my last one. But Ugge down the Lane has an extra. He'd love to get his hands on that lovely stone chopper!"
They celebrated the same things, observed the same festivities, built very similar homes, ate much of the same food.
What's not to like?
Certainly the work-force required to build these labor-intensive monuments didn't only come from one or two villages

The relatively swift investment in Copper, and then Bronze brought a big change to an agrarian culture that had been around for millennia. This is when you start to get a concept of 'Value-For-Service" and the introduction of commodities which transcend the physical. It's the Idea of value, rather than an actual article.

Previously (to my way of thinking) we see a religious-caste hierarchy calling most of the shots. They were 'in touch' with the Gods, so they were rightly in charge.
What we see happening later is an idea we're all to familiar with. The accumulation of artificial wealth, in the form of precious metal and so on.
This little piece of Gold is worth everything in your house.
The ones who have the most now call the shots, and this lends itself to all sorts of devilry amongst the 'Have-Nots'.

I don't know much about the weaponry of the Mid/Late Bronze Age, but I'd probably make money if I bet there was a whole lot more evidence of it than in the previous Era.

Neil




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tiompan



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 Posted 08-09-2012 at 10:16   
Copper was in use in in Languedoc during the late 4th millenium in Bulgaria around 4900 BC Iberia 3250 BC , copper artefacts from the Carpathian basin in exchange with southern Scandanavia in 4th Millenium . This did not bring the later cultural changes often associated with the arrival of metals to these areas . The communal building of major monuments continued in Britain after the arrival of metals e.g. West Kennet Avenue and palisaded enclosures ,Silbury Hill ,henges were still being built , whilst earlier , internments in Long Barrows often have evidence of trauma usually to the skull , arrowheads in bone etc . signs of warfare from Hambledon Hill ,Carn Brea . It might be too simplistic as seeing the Neolithic as being a “golden age “ and the age of metals being the start of a decline , the transition is also much fuzzier .

George




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bigbobswinden



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 Posted 08-09-2012 at 13:06   
I recently changed my whole mindset about people of long ago when I read "Before the Pyramids" by Christopher Knight and Alan Butler. They demonstrate conclusively to my mind that there were some very clever people around thousands of years ago. Well worth the read, and no I have no personal interest in promoting the book.




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Runemage



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 Posted 12-09-2012 at 16:18   
Hi BigBob and Welcome,

I reviewed that last June and their ideas are often mentioned on our fora when we're discussing possible ways that things could have been done. I think the wooden frame and string and clay pendulum idea sounds feasible and I liked the idea of the distance a human male voice could carry being relevant in measurement.
http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146414005

Rune




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Dragonsinger



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 Posted 14-09-2012 at 12:13   
Hi Guys
Is it me, or are we again and again missing the fact that in evolutionary and direct ancestoral terms we are the same people who built the monuments?
If we accept that this is the case then our alleged advantages over the monument builder ammount to our aquisition of a huge body of knowledge and the various (not necessarily different) ways to apply it that they had no access to. Our cranial capacity and theirs is similar so they were most likeley as clever as us but since they did not, possibly they did but we have not recognised it yet, have writing to record their knowledge they had to use oral tradition (Bardsayers etc) to pass it on. Since much of the knowledge was esoteric most of the people would have no use for it in everyday living. So perhaps, just perhaps, they built monuments where they could initiate/teach this knowledge to apprentices and explain what use it was to the whole community.Regretably sooner or later human nature catches up with us and instead of going to those who understood it the knowledge starts to be handed down in familial tradition untill we get to someboy in charge whose ONLY idea is CHARGE and without writing there goes the ball game.

This is only a theory but it is plausible and all I ask is that people think about it.

Regards
Jim

And apologies to Lintleman for straying off course but on this forum get used to it.





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Runemage



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 Posted 14-09-2012 at 13:00   
Hi Dragonsinger, it's nice to have some fresh ideas to throw into the mix although there are no one size fits all solutions when it comes to discussing megaliths or any of the other Mysteries subjects. Most have several very possible solutions but there's no way of proving which could be the right ones. Likely, maybe but definite, no.

And apologies to Lintleman for straying off course but on this forum get used to it.

Not quite

Specifically because of the nature of the subject-matter some discussions take different turns and each is different in the way it's structured but if the OP (common internet fora shorthand for the initiator of the first post on the thread, the Opening Poster) wants their introduced subject to stay firmly on track without any other side-issues introduced, it will be moderated as such. Similarly, any discussion which is deliberately diverted with off-topic and irrelevant subjects will also, in the first instance, be subject to my snipping scissors and a gentle reminder.

Rune




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Dragonsinger



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 Posted 14-09-2012 at 13:07   
Hi Runemage

Greetings and thanks for the heads up and prompt reply

Regards
Jim




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Lintelman



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 Posted 14-09-2012 at 14:10   
On the Eighth, Niel wrote (Previously (to my way of thinking) we see a religious-caste hierarchy calling most of the shots. They were 'in touch' with the Gods, so they were rightly in charge. ) I agree, so frequently we see a presumption that the Stonehengers were slaves to a dominant caste of priests.

Looking back over the history of the British Isles in the last thousand years, I see a brute struggle for power and wealth by the self-proclaimed leaders of society, I do not see an Amish style adherence to the teachings of Jesus Christ by committed followers. It seems to me that the vast majority of people take a skeptical and ambivalent view of the teachings of priests and trust rather to their own interpretations of the world and the deity that may or may not exist for them. When it suits them, they falsely wrap their dubious ethics in the colours of a religious belief. We are a whimsical species.

Bringing things up to date, we go to weddings and funerals and coronations and remembrance services. And it is reassuring to think that somewhere in the distant past our laws and ethics were based on some seriously committed and wise persons who went as far as getting themselves tortured to death to establish the basics for us. But we don't all spend our lives going through endless rituals and processions up and down the knave of Canterbury Cathedral, and we don't all believe everything our church leaders, politicians, (or scientists of the new religion) tell us. So why do we think the Stonehengers were any different?

Personally I don't buy the simple 'ritual for the sake of ritual' explanation for much that the archaeologists dig up. The ritual is surely an elaboration of a cultural belief that somewhere, deep down, has some practical, probably materialistic, function that is directly linked to survival. In the case of Stonehenge, there must have been some wonderful debates about its need. What would I not give to be there?










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Feanor



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 Posted 14-09-2012 at 16:15   

Quote:

On 2012-09-14 14:10, Lintelman wrote:
On the Eighth, Niel wrote (Previously (to my way of thinking) we see a religious-caste hierarchy calling most of the shots. They were 'in touch' with the Gods, so they were rightly in charge. ) I agree, so frequently we see a presumption that the Stonehengers were slaves to a dominant caste of priests.

Looking back over the history of the British Isles in the last thousand years, I see a brute struggle for power and wealth by the self-proclaimed leaders of society, I do not see an Amish style adherence to the teachings of Jesus Christ by committed followers. It seems to me that the vast majority of people take a skeptical and ambivalent view of the teachings of priests and trust rather to their own interpretations of the world and the deity that may or may not exist for them. When it suits them, they falsely wrap their dubious ethics in the colours of a religious belief. We are a whimsical species.

Bringing things up to date, we go to weddings and funerals and coronations and remembrance services. And it is reassuring to think that somewhere in the distant past our laws and ethics were based on some seriously committed and wise persons who went as far as getting themselves tortured to death to establish the basics for us. But we don't all spend our lives going through endless rituals and processions up and down the knave of Canterbury Cathedral, and we don't all believe everything our church leaders, politicians, (or scientists of the new religion) tell us. So why do we think the Stonehengers were any different?

Personally I don't buy the simple 'ritual for the sake of ritual' explanation for much that the archaeologists dig up. The ritual is surely an elaboration of a cultural belief that somewhere, deep down, has some practical, probably materialistic, function that is directly linked to survival. In the case of Stonehenge, there must have been some wonderful debates about its need. What would I not give to be there?


__________________________________
Since Jack himself has wandered slightly from the path, I will continue the trend a bit - particularly since my name was invoked.
("Who dareth wake the Giant from his Slumber?")

Time, my friends. Time is the key to understanding long-term ritual and iconography. The older sects of the Christian Religions have loads of it, and the younger are starting to codify it. This is a universal truth. We just Love parades.

Yes Jim, you'd be hard-pressed to find anyone here who debates the reality of evolution - biological or cultural. The people of 5 or 10,000 years ago were indistinguishable from us. Indeed, you'd have to go back about 100,000 years before a marginal biological difference is detected.
It is simply the development of technology which sets us apart from them, nothing else. (But They started it!)
The perfection of the Bow & Arrow took 20,000 years. But from the building of the 1st Pyramid to a Saturn 5 rocket is less than 5,000.

Now, with regards to Stonehenge, never lose sight of the fact that this edifice took between 1,200 & 1,500 years to get it to what we see today. Starting with a simple Ditch and Bank, there's no way they could have envisioned the Stones, far in their future.
As things progressed, they incorporated their initial errors and changes into the subsequent stages in an elegant fashion, allowing the construct to interpret a number of different things, rather than just one.

But Ugge the Shepherd didn't just cook all this up while watching o're his flocks by night.
A codified system of belief must have been firmly in place whereby these things were proposed, discussed, and implemented. The process infers a substantial hierarchy, probably composed of learned persons who possessed an accumulated knowledge well beyond the scope of Ugge's.

This design process almost certainly took decades and was probably passed from each generation through Song.
Since we now know that Stonehenge was far beyond just a fancy cemetery, it follows that the processes by which it developed to such vast intention must have been a very long time, in terms of the life-span of the people of that time.

When a culture begins to perform Complex Rituals wherein they've forgotten the original intention, the system will ultimately morph into something else. This may have been the case with SH, though there are some other valid ideas.
The thing that always struck me as fascinating, is that as old as the construct was in its final days of use, and as sophisticated as the building stages became, ultimately it never lost its original intent. Many other things were tacked onto it, but it was still all about the Sun and the nature of the Cosmos (in my opinion).

The coming of Metal changed the playing field (in my view) and slowly but surely its introduction influenced an entirely new belief-system, propelling the various cultures forward technologically wherein the very concept of ownership was changed. What began as a communal, resource-based society, propelled itself into a money-based society at potential odds with their once good friends across the valley.

With the coming of the written word, 'Brute Struggle for Power & Wealth' followed very swiftly, and all the Songs of the Old System were forgotten.

Their cultural system was in no way less sophisticated than ours, but is stripped of the trappings that we feel makes ours 'Better'.

Best wishes,
Neil
______________________________




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Dragonsinger



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 Posted 14-09-2012 at 20:14   
Neil wrote (Quite a bit actualy):

nullnullIt is simply the development of technology which sets us apart from them, nothing else. (But They started it!) The perfection of the Bow & Arrow took 20,000 years. But from the building of the 1st Pyramid to a Saturn 5 rocket is less than 5,000.

No problem there but if you narrow that down again to a personal level my father was born befor the first recorded powered flight by a man and man had been to the moon before he died.
The rate of increase in technology is either logarithmic or expotential and whilst it is not driven by our knowledge base it is supported and assisted by it. A lever is still a lever but now we know better where to place it and what material to make it from but the megalithic builders would recognise it for what it is and can do

The next bit is:

Now, with regards to Stonehenge, never lose sight of the fact that this edifice took between 1,200 & 1,500 years to get it to what we see today. Starting with a simple Ditch and Bank, there's no way they could have envisioned the Stones, far in their future. As things progressed, they incorporated their initial errors and changes into the subsequent stages in an elegant fashion, allowing the construct to interpret a number of different things, rather than just one.

Very true, possibly.
have a look at the Swiss Army knife. The original design (and the one all new recruits still get given) has 1 large blade, a wood saw, a bottle opener incorporating a large flat bladed screwdriver, an awl, a can opener incorporating a small flat bladed screwdrive and a cross head screwdriver.
it is the size of a normal pocket knife.
The yuppie version is 1.5 times as long, over two inches thick and amongst a host of other things has a torch and a compass.
The original functions of this peice of engineering are all still there but it has expanded out of all proportion to the original idea. So, are we currently looking at Swiss Henge?

It would appear obvious, then again perhaps not, that Stonehenge kept growing. There is no problem with keeping knowledge alive in bardic or drudic (sorry, but the did do it) traditional sagas. Most of our Celtic ledgends were kept this way for about 12-1500 years.
As far as important alignment goes remember that the first idols were made were fertility figures and that ties in with a female diety and the moon cycles so it looks to me like this was the original intent then when the observations were made blow me if the damn moon didn't keep moving out of sync with the markers. This would be enough to un-nerve me if I didn't know about the long lunar cycle.
As far as dieties being regarded as "shepherds" I must say that I agree, I really do. After all a shepherd is really only interested in WOOL and MUTTON>

Regards
Jim




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Feanor



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 Posted 15-09-2012 at 04:45   
Yes Jim - that pesky Feanor will go on and on, given the chance.
He must be stopped!

... No problem there, but if you narrow that down again to a personal level my father was born before the first recorded powered flight by a man, and man had been to the moon before he died.
The rate of increase in technology is either logarithmic or expotential and whilst it is not driven by our knowledge base it is supported and assisted by it.


At some point on some thread here I have gone on about this very thing. I used the '5,000-year span between the Cursus and a Saturn 5 rocket', and also the barely 60-year span between the Wright Bros and walking on the moon.
Technology begets technology. In the context of History I would use the term Exponential.

... have a look at the Swiss Army knife. The original design (and the one all new recruits still get given) has 1 large blade, a wood saw, a bottle opener incorporating a large flat bladed screwdriver, an awl, a can opener incorporating a small flat bladed screwdrive and a cross head screwdriver.
it is the size of a normal pocket knife.


Simple is almost always better. The new knife is clever, yes, but you can't carry it around in your pocket. Doomed to the kitchen junk-drawer!

... It would appear obvious, then again perhaps not, that Stonehenge kept growing.

I would say that Stonehenge Evolved over time, rather than grew; each stage more sophisticated than the previous.

... As far as important alignments go, remember that the first idols were made were fertility figures and that ties in with a female deity and the moon cycles so it looks to me like this was the original intent then when the observations were made blow me if the damn moon didn't keep moving out of sync with the markers. This would be enough to unnerve me if I didn't know about the long lunar cycle.

There are almost as many male 'Fertility' images as female found in the Landscape thereabouts. The recognized connection between the Moon's cycle and women's is almost universal the world over.
The Moon was almost certainly a part of the Stonehenge Culture. But, as you note, the high & low standstill cycles are so long, and in the interim it tends to be so unschooled in its movement, that the Sun retained priority. Those things Are observed at the Henge, but almost as a corollary.
For some weird reason, when the Sun is at Solstice and rises from its highest point in the north, the Moon rises at its lowest point. Sometimes they meet at the Equinox and sometimes they don't. Strange stuff ...

I think that the level lintels - indeed the overall relative perfection at the Site - was not solely for the Moon. While the following and positioning of Stars more than likely played a role, I am still believing that the Sun was the major player.

For example, they screwed up the initial alignments in the beginning, as has been demonstrated by JonM's careful work. But they corrected these flaws later as the Stones were going up. This tells me that the Solar Alignment was paramount to their Belief-System - not the Moon.

Fertility, Life, Death, the Cosmos and the People's place within it are all important elements of the Stonehenge Construct.
But it started and ended with the Sun.

Neil
_________________________


[ This message was edited by: Feanor on 2012-09-15 04:50 ]




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Lintelman



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 Posted 15-09-2012 at 11:34   
I'm having difficulty with some of the comments made in the last few posts; it concerns the notion that technological advancement runs parallel with societal advancement. It is often expressed in words like 'progress' and 'evolution'. Looking at the Roman Empire, it was technologically advanced by comparison to the characters who finally knocked it on the head, and they could only have done that because, I suggest, it failed for non-technological reasons.

Looking then at the Stonehengers that existed in the early bronze-age, clearly that they had pushed forward their knowledge of geometry and construction, by comparison to those who had preceded them. But we can't automatically assume that their society 'advanced' in the survival stakes. After all, what happened to the knowledge they acquired? In what form did it later manifest itself? What we see now might have been a technical evolutionary aberration or a culs de sac. Maybe there was a sect that had become obsessed with geometry, an early bunch of Pythagoreans. Unless a serious, objective study is made, along the lines of cognitive archaeology maybe, we are only guessing. I can feel another campaign coming on.




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davidmorgan



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 Posted 15-09-2012 at 12:45   
I reckon there are loads of other unknown factors one needs to put into the equation - e.g. population density, life expectancy, diet, changing social interactions due to sedentism, etc, etc.




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