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Forum: Stones Forum
Moderated by : Andy B , TimPrevett , coldrum , Klingon , MickM , TheCaptain , bat400 , davidmorgan , Runemage , SolarMegalith , sem
Respond to: North American Finds Discovered by Development
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Andy B
Joined:
13-02-2001
Messages: 7049
from Surrey, UK
 ON-Line
|  New Message Posted!2013-06-17 19:04
Oldest record of human-caused lead pollution detected
with thanks to Pål for the link:
Humans began contributing to environmental lead pollution as early as 8,000 years ago, according to a University of Pittsburgh research report.
The Pitt research team detected the oldest-discovered remains of human-derived lead pollution in the world in the northernmost region of Michigan, suggesting metal pollution from mining and other human activities appeared far earlier in North America than in Europe, Asia, and South America. Their findings are highlighted on the cover of the latest issue of Environmental Science & Technology.
"Humanity's environmental legacy spans thousands of years, back to times traditionally associated with hunter-gatherers. Our records indicate that the influence of early Native Americans on the environment can be detected using lake sediments," said David Pompeani, lead author of the research paper and a PhD candidate in Pitt's Department of Geology and Planetary Science. "These findings have important implications for interpreting both the archeological record and environmental history of the upper Great Lakes."
The University of Pittsburgh research team—which included, from Pitt's Department of Geology and Planetary Science, Mark Abbott, associate professor of paleoclimatology, and Daniel Bain, assistant professor of catchment science, along with Pitt alumnus Byron A. Steinman (A&S '11G)—examined Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula because it is the largest source of pure native copper in North America. Early surveys of the region in the 1800s identified prehistoric human mining activity in the form of such tools as hammerstones, ladders, and pit mines.
The team from the Department of Geology and Planetary Science investigated the timing, location, and magnitude of ancient copper mining pollution. Sediments were collected in June 2010 from three lakes located near ancient mine pits. They analyzed the concentration of lead, titanium, magnesium, iron, and organic matter in the collected sediment cores—finding distinct decade- to century-scale increases in lead pollution preserved from thousands of years ago.
"These data suggest that measurable levels of lead were emitted by preagricultural societies mining copper on Keweenaw Peninsula starting as early as 8,000 years ago," said Pompeani. "Collectively, these records have confirmed, for the first time, that prehistoric pollution from the Michigan Copper Districts can be detected in the sediments found in nearby lakes."
By contrast, reconstructions of metal pollution from other parts of the world, such as Asia, Europe, and South America, only provide evidence for lead pollution during the last 3,000 years, said Pompeani.
"We're hopeful that our work can be used in the future to better understand past environmental changes," said Abbott.
The team is currently investigating places near other prehistoric copper mines surrounding Lake Superior.
http://phys.org/news/2013-06-oldest-human-caused-pollution.html
Explore further: Lake found in Sierra Nevada with the oldest remains of atmospheric contamination in southern Europe
http://phys.org/news/2013-04-lake-sierra-nevada-oldest-atmospheric.html#inlRlv
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bat400
Joined:
10-04-2006
Messages: 1349
from South Central Indiana, US
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2013-06-16 07:29
More Native American artifacts found on UT land with increase in oil, gas exploration
As the number of development projects on University Lands increases, further inspections of the land are needed. In turn, archeologists are expanding their knowledge of West Texas — and finding hundreds of Native American artifacts along the way.
In the last year and a half, more than 500 sites have been found, examined and documented, according to Solveig Turpin, a UT alumna who owns Turpin and Sons Inc., an archeological surveying company that regularly inspects sites for University Lands. The sites can range from an area of a few ancient hand tools to engraved drawings known as petroglyphs.
“With the petroglyph it’s always interesting and exciting to see something like that and try to understand what they were doing,” Turpin said. “[The petroglyph] isn’t an isolated phenomenon. The more sites we get, the more we can see a pattern.”
Jonathan Jarvis, UT Texas Archeological Research Laboratory record keeper, said cultural research, including archeological investigations, must be conducted when development projects are approved to use public land, or can be publicly funded or require a federal or state permit. The investigations help guide oil and gas explorations if development could harm a significant site.
Turpin said University Lands has also sponsored archeological projects.
“We excavated a bison kill site in a lake bed ... because a pipeline was coming that way,” Turpin said. “When we find [sites] we plot them on a map and the University knows where they are, so when these projects come in they can tell if anything is in the way.”
Turpin said finding these sites also allows them to be protected. Once they are recorded in state records, the state antiquity committee can designate sites as archeological landmarks, which offers stricter legal protection against removal of artifacts or vandalism. The Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act also helps deter damage to the sites with penalties for looters.
“We excavated a cave because relic hunters had excavated a mummified child,” Turpin said. “We excavated the site after because they were obviously intent on taking the human remains. But nobody can watch that much land.”
Jarvis said the findings from these sites have created a collection of documented sites to survey and information for archeologists and graduate students to study.
“The archives that we have with sites can actually be analyzed to predict if there may be other sites near by, in advance of a project” Jarvis said.
Anthropology sophomore Kelsey White said the findings with recorded locations will aid future analyists with information of the site locations and proximity to other sites.
“It’s really important to be able to examine this kind of information because there is context,” White said. “Texas is a really important state because it’s so large; there have been many different groups through the years. We know where the artifacts are coming from and often times in archaeology there isn’t a context of where artifacts are found.”
Turpin said as the University continues using lands for various projects, more sites will be discovered and the information about the people who once used the land will grow. Turpin said hopefully someday, with enough information, archeologists will be able to piece together how these people lived.
Thanks to coldrum for the link: For more, see http://www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2013/04/12
[ This message was edited by: bat400 on 2013-06-16 07:32 ]
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bat400
Joined:
10-04-2006
Messages: 1349
from South Central Indiana, US
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2012-12-12 18:21
Archeological dig underway at road expansion site, Puce River Ontario.
An archeological excavation is well underway on the banks of the Puce River after aboriginal items that may be 1,000 years old were found in preparation for the expansion of County Road 22.
The items, including arrowheads and pieces of pottery, were discovered last December on the banks of the Puce River near the County Road 22 bridge.
“The artifacts that initially were found were projectile heads, or arrowheads, as well as clay pottery,” said Essex County’s engineering contracts manager Peter Bziuk.
“There were fragments of pottery that date back to the late woodland period. There’s a wide range for that period, but it’s approximately 1,000 years old.”
“The [provincially mandated ] environmental assessment process identified the possibility of archeologically significant artifacts and from that process, the excavation was started and during the excavation process artifacts were found,” said Bziuk.
Initially, in Stage 2 of the process, small holes are dug about a foot in diameter, spaced out about the site.
“It was in that stage two that the projectile points and clay pottery was found,” said Bziuk.
The process then moves to Stage 3, which requires holes one metre square placed five metres apart.
“Then more artifacts were found,” said Bziuk.
At each stage of the process a report is prepared, which is why the process has taken a year.
“Under Stage 4 you do your full-block excavation or you avoid the area altogether, but that’s not really an option for us,” said Bziuk.
“Basically their job is finding the limits of where there are no more archeological findings.”
Bziuk said said the excavation should continue for the next two weeks and won’t delay the road improvements.
“We don’t anticipate any delays,” said Bziuk.
“The project has been moving forward and at some point the archeologists and the contractor will be working side by side.”
The excavation is being conducted by Hamilton-based Fisher Archaeological Consulting.
Exactly what indigenous tribe left the items may be difficult to determine, according to the Ontario Archaeological Society.
The society says that Western Basin Algonquin tribes were occupying Southwestern Ontario around 1000 A.D., the end of the late woodland stage.
“It is by the late woodland stage that ethnic identities are known for some of the people who created the prehistoric archaeological sites,” the society says on its website.
“The indigenous inhabitants of Southwestern Ontario, however, had disappeared by the time European explorers entered the area. Because of the absence of a native population by the contact period, archaeologists can never be absolutely certain who actually lived in Southwestern Ontario.”
For more, see the article at The Windsor Star.
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bat400
Joined:
10-04-2006
Messages: 1349
from South Central Indiana, US
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2012-10-08 19:11
Thousands of First Nations artifacts found near Vernon, British Columbia
Archaeologists near Vernon, B.C., have uncovered thousands of First Nations artifacts — some of which could be more than 6,000 years old — on a stretch of highway in Lake Country. Archaeologists have been working the site since January, pulling thousands of artifacts from the ground.
"One of the cool things we found … was what we think are the remains of a fishing net," archaeologist Clinton Coates told CBC News. "We found these 30 flat, notched rocks spread out over about three metres. The net was left there with the rocks and over time the net would rot away."
Thousands of arrowheads, spear points and hammer stones are among the finds.
"The styles that we found are consistent with ones that are as recent as 200 years ago and there's one that may go back 5,000 or 6,000 years," Coates said. "We don’t know for sure until we've done some carbon dating."
For area First Nations, the find is exciting — but also confirms what they already knew.
Okanagan Indian Band Chief Byron Louis says he hopes the discovery will re-write area history to include a time before settlers arrived. "There's always been this perception that history starts with [Father] Pandosy and comes forward and yet ignores the thousands of years prior to that there was habitation in this area," Louis said.
Many of the artifacts were found up to 2.5 meters underground, which helped preserve the pieces.
"Being able to do a project at this level of detail gives us a lot of data we can start to cross-reference and correlate with other information and maybe start to answer more in-depth questions about what people were doing here 4,000 or 5,000 years ago," Coates said.
The recovery at the site is almost complete but the painstaking task of cataloguing all the artifacts has yet to begin.
Source: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2012/10/06/bc-vernon-artifacts.html
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bat400
Joined:
10-04-2006
Messages: 1349
from South Central Indiana, US
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2012-09-26 16:04
Experts urge protection of Pitkin County archaeological site [near Aspin, Colorado]
Archaic Seasonal Camp May be Represented by Tool Finds
A rural Pitkin County site where archaeological artifacts have spurred a land-use debate appears to contain remnants of stone tools and associated debris spanning more than 8,000 years of use, according to a consultant who viewed the site early this month.
The Albuquerque, N.M.-based Archaeological Conservancy has drafted a management plan for the site that is now in the hands of the property's owners and Pitkin County staffers. Its recommendations regarding security at the site, access and accommodating research will be the subject of discussions with the landowners, according to Dale Will, county open space and trails director.
Will enlisted the help of the conservancy, which offered to draft a plan at no cost. The county's Open Space and Trails program has not, as yet, been tabbed as an active participant in preservation of the site.
Rather, property owners David Brown and Jody Anthes have asked county commissioners to declare the site constrained — undevelopable or severely restricted under the county's land-use code — and to issue two transferable development rights that they could sell to offset the money they invested in the parcel. Development rights on the site would be sterilized as part of the arrangement.
Discussion of the proposal for transferable development rights has been postponed at least twice to allow for the drafting and review of the management plan. Commissioners are now scheduled to take potential action on the request on Sept. 12.
An Aug. 2 site visit by representatives of the nonprofit Archaeological Conservancy and the state archaeologist of Colorado led both entities to push for its permanent protection.
According to Chaz Evans, southwest field representative for the conservancy, the site represents more than 8,000 years of repeated use and occupation and appears to be undisturbed.
The presence of tools and manufacturing debris made of non-local materials, coupled with the site's high-altitude setting and location, indicates “a very specialized land-use patterning that has not been adequately documented anywhere in Colorado,” he wrote in an Aug. 7 letter to Will.
The site is archaeologically significant not just for Pitkin County but for the greater region, according to a letter to Will from Richard Wilshusen, state archaeologist. Kevin Black, assistant state archaeologist, visited the site on Wilshusen's behalf.
The diversity of tool styles and materials, including rocks available locally and some from more distant sources, suggests the site was important for prehistoric inhabitants of the area over a span of many thousands of years, starting at least 6,000 years ago, Wilshusen wrote.
“The rarity of well-preserved archaeological sites in the mountainous settings such as in Pitkin County makes them particularly valuable for understanding this very interesting, yet still not well-known, aspect of our state's prehistory,” Wilshusen wrote.
The site under review is located on private property, off a gated road, but protecting it is a matter of concern. County commissioners, who also have paid a visit to the parcel, stressed their desire for a plan to preserve the artifacts as part of any land-use deal to come.
Thanks to colrum for the link. For more, see these articles from the Aspen Times:
20120510/NEWS/120509844]
20120608/NEWS/120609914
20120628/NEWS/120629855
20120713/NEWS/120719932
20120814/NEWS/120819952
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bat400
Joined:
10-04-2006
Messages: 1349
from South Central Indiana, US
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2012-05-10 17:37
Professors sue to stop ancient bones transfer
Two skeletons that rested undisturbed on a San Diego cliff top for nearly 10,000 years are at the center of a modern court battle.
The University of California, San Diego, had intended to transfer the skeletons of a man and woman to a American Indian tribe for traditional burial. But lawsuits are complicating the plan.
The bones were discovered in 1976 during an excavation at University House, the traditional La Jolla home of the UC San Diego chancellor. The university was preparing to hand over the bones to the local Kumeyaay tribe when three UC professors filed a lawsuit Monday in Northern California to block the transfer.
Margaret Schoeninger of UC San Diego, Robert Bettinger of UC Davis and Timothy White of UC Berkeley argue that the bones are precious research objects and there is no evidence that they are Native American remains.
In a declaration, Schoeninger said the skeletons were not buried in a way consistent with ancient Kumeyaay practices and collagen taken from the bones indicated the two ate ocean fish and mammals different from that of the tribe.
"These are not Native Americans," said James McManis, a San Jose lawyer for the professors. "We're sure where they're from," he told U-T San Diego. "They had primarily a seafood diet, not the diet of any way of these tribes. They were a seafaring people. They could be traveling Irishmen who touched on the continent.
"The idea that we're going to turn this incredible treasure over to some local tribe because they think it's Grandma's bones is crazy."
Respecting Native American preferences, the university has not permitted DNA testing of the bones, which are being kept at the San Diego Archaeological Center in Escondido.
In anticipation of the professors' suit, a dozen bands of Kumeyaay filed their own federal suit earlier this month, demanding transfer of the skeletons.
By law, Native American remains held by federal agencies or institutions receiving federal funds must be given to Native Americans. That includes unidentified remains found on aboriginal lands, said Dorothy Alther, an attorney for the Kumeyaay Cultural Repatriation Committee, which represents the 12 bands.
"A lot of the tribes were concerned that their ancestors were lying around in the basements of museums and not being properly interred," she said.
"What we're saying is that these are Native American remains," Alther said. "But even if someone says they are not, they were found on aboriginal lands. They go to the Kumeyaay."
The university is aware of the competing lawsuits, spokesman Jeff Gattas said in a statement.
"We believe the University process has achieved a decision that is in accordance with both the law and our commitment to the respectful handling of human remains and associated artifacts," he said.
Thanks to coldrum for the link: http://www.chicoer.com/news/ci_20477032/professors-sue-stop-ancient-bones-transfer
[ This message was edited by: bat400 on 2012-09-26 15:24 ]
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bat400
Joined:
10-04-2006
Messages: 1349
from South Central Indiana, US
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2011-11-13 05:46
Dept of Transportation archaeologists find ancient Native American sites at bridge near Palmyra, Missouri.
What started as a routine survey of the land surrounding a historic bridge has ended up unearthing two significant sites in the region's Native American history.
Larry Grantham, an archaeologist with the Missouri Department of Transportation's Environmental Studies and Historic Preservation department, said his team has discovered a pair of Native American sites bookending the Mo. 168 bridge over the North River just west of Palmyra.
On the east side of the bridge is a 1,200- to 1,500-year-old site from the late Woodland period. The site on the west side of the bridge, however, is much older -- 3,000 to 5,000 years old, dating to the late Archaic period.
The MoDOT archaeologists found the twin historical sites while conducting an archaeological survey around the 79-year-old North River Bridge, which will be replaced next year under the auspices of MoDOT's Safe and Sound Bridge Improvement Program.
MoDOT's archaeologists are more concerned with the ground itself, which will be significantly altered as crews even out the grade in the vicinity of the bridge. "Anytime we have a project that involves earth disturbance, we go out and do an archaeological survey," Grantham said. "In this case ... they're going to raise the grade by 4 feet. On one side there's going to be a lot of cut, and on the other side there's going to be a lot of fill."
Given the differing time periods of the sites, their findings at each have been dramatically different.
At the late Woodland site, which dates to roughly AD 650 to 900, the group is looking for evidence of structures on the site. The Native Americans who inhabited that site were much less nomadic than earlier peoples, Grantham said.
"By the late Woodland (period), they're building houses, and they're being semi-sedentary," Grantham said. He said cooking pits and storage pits also are likely to turn up.
The late Archaic site, which dates to roughly 3000 to 1000 BC, is yielding more of the artifacts that traditionally are associated with Native American digs. The archaeologists are hand-digging the site in 3-foot squares of just a few inches' depth.
Among the artifacts the archaeologists have turned up are projectile points, drills and other tools, all made from chert, a type of rock found along the Mississippi River.
That suggests to Grantham that the late Archaic inhabitants moved around the northern half of Missouri in a seasonal cycle, returning to Northeast Missouri for a short time to pick up their weapons materials. Chert wouldn't have been found in most of the interior of northern Missouri.
"Part of the seasonal cycle involves coming this far down to get chert to make tools with," Grantham said. "They're taking these chert (pieces), taking a lot of material off and making what we call pre-forms. They don't want to carry any more than they have to. They'll take a lot of flakes off it and get it close to a final form."
For more, see: http://www.whig.com/story/news/Palmyra-Archaeological-Dig-110711.
Thanks to coldrum for the story.
[ This message was edited by: bat400 on 2011-11-13 05:50 ]
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bat400
Joined:
10-04-2006
Messages: 1349
from South Central Indiana, US
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2011-11-12 06:11
Archeologists explore 13,000-year-old mysteries beneath Lake Minnewanka
Parks Canada staff are plunging under water for a history lesson, hoping to learn more about a 13,000-year-old camp site beneath Lake Minnewank.
The same underwater archeology team that located the HMS Investigator in Canada’s arctic is in Banff National Park until Wednesday to explore and unearth more information about a site that first became exposed on the shores of the lake about 50 years ago.
Over the years, visitors have found artifacts such as stone tools, spearheads, evidence of cooking, as well as Rocky Mountain sheep bones and about a decade ago archeologists began excavating what was exposed.
Because of a dam located at the lake, water levels have risen over the last 100 years about 35 metres, which flooded the campsite and submerged it, said Marc-Andre Bernier, Ottawa-based archeologist for Parks Canada.
Now archeologists want to get a better handle on what is left of the campsite that holds real historical significance, said Bill Perry, a Calgary-based Parks Canada archeologist.
“These were the first people as ice sheets were melting away,” Perry said. “These people continued coming back — it was a well-situated campsite that put them in touch with resources like sheep and would have had nearby lakes and rivers and hot springs.
“It is a hugely significant thing to be found and Parks Canada is very committed to protecting it.”
Thanks to coldrum for the link. For more and photo, see: http://www.calgarysun.com/2011
The dam that caused this prehistoric site to be covered also flooded the village of Minnewanka Landing. Because of the presence of the submerged village the lake is popular among recreational scuba divers. This partially explains the concern about preserving the Clovis site.
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bat400
Joined:
10-04-2006
Messages: 1349
from South Central Indiana, US
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2011-11-09 04:00
Old American theory is 'speared'
An ancient bone with a projectile point lodged within it appears to up-end - once and for all - a long-held idea of how the Americas were first populated.
The rib, from a tusked beast known as a mastodon, has been dated precisely to 13,800 years ago. This places it before the so-called Clovis hunters, who many academics had argued were the North American continent's original inhabitants.
News of the dating results is reported in Science Magazine.
In truth, the "Clovis first" model, which holds to the idea that America's original human population swept across a land-bridge from Siberia some 13,000 years ago, has looked untenable for some time. A succession of archaeological finds right across the United States and northern Mexico have indicated there was human activity much earlier than this - perhaps as early as 15-16,000 years ago.
The specimen has actually been known about for more than 30 years. It is plainly from an old male animal that had been attacked with some kind of weaponry. It was found in the late 1970s at the Manis site near Sequim, north-west of Seattle, in Washington State.
Although scientists at the time correctly identified the specimen's antiquity, adherents to the Clovis-first model questioned the dating and interpretation of the site. To try to settle any lingering uncertainty, Prof Michael Waters of Texas A&M University and colleagues called upon a range of up-to-date analytical tools and revisited the specimen. These investigations included new radio carbon tests using atomic accelerators.
"The beauty of atomic accelerators is that you can date very small samples and also very chemically pure samples," Prof Waters told BBC News.
Computed tomography, which creates exquisite 3D X-ray images of objects, was used to study the embedded point. The visualisation reveals how the projectile end had been deliberately sharpened to give a needle-like quality. And it also enabled the scientists to estimate the projectile end's likely original size - at least 27cm long, they believe.
"The other thing that's really interesting is that as it went in, the very tip broke and rotated off to the side," said the Texas A&M researcher.
DNA investigation also threw up a remarkable irony - the point itself was made from mastodon bone, proving that the people who fashioned it were systematically hunting or scavenging animal bones to make their tools.
The timing of humanity's presence in North America is important because it plays into the debate over why so many great beasts from the end of the last Ice Age in that quarter of the globe went extinct.
A rapidly changing climate in North America is assumed to have played a key role - as is the sophisticated stone-tool weaponry used by the Clovis hunters. But the fact that there are also humans with effective bone and antler killing technologies present in North America deeper in time suggests the hunting pressure on these animals may have been even greater than previously thought.
Thanks to coldrum for the submission: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15391388. Click to the link for photos.
[ This message was edited by: bat400 on 2011-11-09 04:06 ]
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Andy B
Joined:
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Messages: 7049
from Surrey, UK
ON-Line
| New Message Posted!2011-10-31 09:22
Artifacts older than expected
Some of more than 40,000 artifacts recently discovered at the mouth of Game Creek suggest prehistoric people might have lived in Jackson Hole year round, archeologists say.
Further, radio-carbon dating shows that some of the unearthed artifacts are thousands of years older than expected.
Archeologists began excavating the site last summer after the Wyoming Department of Transportation made plans to widen Highway 26/89/191.
Now, after two summers of digging, the artifacts are beginning to develop a picture of life at the site that ranges over thousands of years, from a roasting pit dated at 10,100 years old to a .38-caliber bullet that is likely from the early 1900s, said Michael Page, a senior archeologist with the Wyoming state archeologist office.
During some periods, the abundance of projectile points crafted from local sources could mean that people lived in the region year round, Page said. By contrast, projectile points from outside the area could suggest people migrated out of the region during some part of the year, most likely winter.
“A lot of the obsidian turns out to be fairly local, and a lot of it probably came from cobbles,” he said. “They could have walked down to the Snake River and found all the obsidian they needed.
“We also found other material types — cherts and quartzites and quite a bit of petrified wood,” Page said.
The petrified wood is probably local, Page says, explaining that a rock hunter found a match in the Gros Ventre drainage.
The idea of year-round inhabitants in Jackson Hole isn’t so far fetched. Climate models show that, 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, Jackson Hole was warmer and wetter in the summer, and colder and drier in the winter. Warmer, wetter weather in the summer means more forage, and more forage means more animals for humans to eat. Drier weather in winter also could mean more available forage for animals.
“The more food sources there are, the higher the carrying capacity — the more people who could live here,” Page said.
But those are just guesses at this point, and further analysis of the materials will either prove or disprove Page’s theory.
Laboratory analyses of the artifacts already have produced some surprises. A roasting pit thought to be roughly 2,000 years old came back from the lab dating more than 5,000 years old.
“I sent off a bunch of charcoal for radio-carbon dating, and I found out I was wrong,” Page said. “I definitely had to rethink the whole thing.”
Another roasting pit dates just after the ice age.
“We found a fire pit down at the very bottom that turned out to be older than we thought, 10,100 years, plus or minus,” Page said. “But, we still hadn’t found these diagnostic point types down at that level.”
Those diagnostic point types — arrowheads and spear heads of the Agate Basin variety — would help confirm the roasting pit’s age and perhaps provide information about the people who made it. For now, the evidence points to prehistoric humans from the Great Basin and Columbia River, which makes sense, because the Snake River flows into the Columbia. Ancient people may have followed the river system up into Jackson Hole.
Next summer, Page aims to excavate more on the west side of the road, where archeologists have discovered a treasure trove of new artifacts.
“We were finding twice as much in half the soil,” he said.
Diggers have found a bison skull, a fox skull and elk, beaver and probably deer bones. One large bird bone could have come from a trumpeter swan. Animal artifact experts might be able to determine what time of year the animals were killed by looking at things such as emerging teeth. Carbonized seeds also can point to seasonality because seeds only ripen at certain times of year.
The in-depth look at Jackson Hole’s prehistory is exciting, said J.P. Schubert, an archeologist for the Bridger-Teton National Forest.
Forest Service archeologists typically assess what’s on the surface, and that information is later used for planning purposes, Schubert said.
“It’s neat when people can actually spend some time,” he said. “There’s stuff way down in there that is super fascinating.”
http://www.jhnewsandguide.com/article.php?art_id=7749
(with thanks to Coldrum)
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