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<< Our Photo Pages >> Hohlefels Höhle - Cave or Rock Shelter in Germany in Baden-Wuerttemberg

Submitted by AlexHunger on Sunday, 02 August 2020  Page Views: 12102

Mesolithic, Palaeolithic and EarlierSite Name: Hohlefels Höhle Alternative Name: Hohle Fels Cave, Hohler Fels, Venus of Schelklingen
Country: Germany Land: Baden-Wuerttemberg Type: Cave or Rock Shelter
Nearest Town: Ulm  Nearest Village: Schelklingen
Latitude: 48.379167N  Longitude: 9.755556E
Condition:
5Perfect
4Almost Perfect
3Reasonable but with some damage
2Ruined but still recognisable as an ancient site
1Pretty much destroyed, possibly visible as crop marks
0No data.
-1Completely destroyed
 4 Ambience:
5Superb
4Good
3Ordinary
2Not Good
1Awful
0No data.
 no data Access:
5Can be driven to, probably with disabled access
4Short walk on a footpath
3Requiring a bit more of a walk
2A long walk
1In the middle of nowhere, a nightmare to find
0No data.
 4 Accuracy:
5co-ordinates taken by GPS or official recorded co-ordinates
4co-ordinates scaled from a detailed map
3co-ordinates scaled from a bad map
2co-ordinates of the nearest village
1co-ordinates of the nearest town
0no data
 5

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Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by dodomad : The fragments of mammoth tusk found at Hohle Fels cave in Germany that scientists now recognise as a rope-making tool from 40,000 years ago. Photo Credit: University of Tübingen (Vote or comment on this photo)
Cave in the Ach Valley near Schelklingen, Swabian Alb, southern Germany. It has yielded a number of important archaeological finds dating to the Upper Paleolithic. Artifacts found in the cave represent some of the earliest examples of prehistoric art, tools and musical instruments ever discovered.

The first excavation took place in 1870, yielding remnants of cave bears, reindeer, mammoths and horses as well as tools belonging to the Aurignacian culture of the Upper Paleolithic. The cave was inhabited from 30,000 BC.

Further excavations in 1958 to 1960, 1977, and 2002 yielded a number of spectacular finds, including several specimens of prehistoric sculpture such as an ivory bird and a human-lion hybrid figure similar to the lion man of the Hohlenstein Stadel but only 2.5 cm tall.

In 2008, a team from the University of Tübingen, led by archaeologist Nicholas Conard, discovered an artifact known as the Venus of Hohle Fels, dated to around 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. This is the earliest known Venus figurine and the earliest undisputed example of figurative art. The team also unearthed a bone flute in the cave, and found two fragments of ivory flutes in nearby caves. The flutes date back at least 35,000 years and are the earliest musical instruments ever found.

Artifacts are at Tübingen Universität museum

Source: Wikipedia

The Venus of Hohle Fels has been dated to between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago, belonging to the early Aurignacian, at the very beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, which is associated with the assumed earliest presence of Homo sapiens in Europe (Cro-Magnon). It is the oldest undisputed example of Upper Paleolithic art and figurative prehistoric art in general. In 2011, the figure is still being researched in the University of Tübingen, though there are plans to house it and other discoveries from the region in a planned new museum in Swabia.

More at: Wikipedia and see the comments below for the latest discoveries.

Note: Archaeologists discover the oldest tool used to manufacture twine (probably), see the comments on our page for this and many more discoveries from Hohle Fels Cave
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Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by Creative Commons : The entrance to the Hohle Fels show cave Creative Commons image by Dr. Eugen Lehle (Vote or comment on this photo)

Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by Creative Commons : Original Venus from Hohle Fels, mammoth ivory, Aurignacian, aged about 35-40000 years. Discovered in September 2008 in the cave "Hohler Fels" in the Ach Valley near Schelklingen, Germany. Creative Commons image taken at Urgeschichtliches Museum, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany, on 07/18/2010. (Vote or comment on this photo)

Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by Creative Commons : The Hohle Fels is in Schelklingen in the Alb-Donau-Kreis Stotzen a sponge from the White Jura. The loaf-shaped rock in the valley of the ancient Danube. Creative Commons image by Dr. Eugen Lehle (Vote or comment on this photo)

Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by Creative Commons : Front view of the original Venus from Hohle Fels, mammoth ivory, Aurignacian, aged about 35-40000 years. Discovered in September 2008 in the cave "Hohler Fels" in the Ach Valley near Schelklingen, Germany. Creative Commons image taken at Urgeschichtliches Museum, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany, on 07/18/2010. (Vote or comment on this photo)

Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by Andy B : Hohle Fels 2009. a) a painted fragment of limestone, perhaps originating from the wall of the cave. b) a limestone cobble with parallel lines of red dots. Photo: Marina Malina, University of Tübingen (Vote or comment on this photo)

Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by dodomad : University of Tübingen archaeologist Nicholas Conard in the Hohle Fels cave where he has been leading excavations for many years. Photo Credit: University of Tübingen

Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by durhamnature : Reindeer skull "Jug" via archive.org

Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by durhamnature : Tool made from a Bear jaw bone, via archive.org

Hohlefels Höhle
Hohlefels Höhle submitted by durhamnature : Old drawing of the cave, from "Paleolithic Man" via archive.org

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"Hohlefels Höhle" | Login/Create an Account | 8 News and Comments
  
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Archaeologists discover the oldest tool used to manufacture twine (probably) by Andy B on Sunday, 02 August 2020
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Forty thousand years ago, a stone-age toolmaker carved a curious instrument from mammoth tusk. Twenty centimetres long, the ivory strip has four holes drilled in it, each lined with precisely cut spiral incisions.

The purpose of this strange device was unclear when it was discovered in Hohle Fels cave in south-western Germany several years ago. It could have been part of a musical instrument or a religious object, it was suggested. But now scientists have concluded that it is the earliest known instrument for making rope. And its impact would have been revolutionary.

Our stone-age ancestors would have been able to feed plant fibres through the instrument’s four holes and by twisting it create strong ropes and twines. The grooves round the holes would have helped keep the plant fibres in place.

The resulting ropes could then have been used to make fishing nets, snares and traps, bows and arrows, clothing and containers for carrying food. Heavy objects, such as sleds, could now be hauled on ropes while spear points could be lashed to poles. A technological milestone had been reached in our development.

More in The Observer
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/aug/01/mammoth-tusk-drill-holes-make-rope-change-history-stone-age
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Stone Age paintings found in Swabia by Andy B on Friday, 09 December 2011
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Archaeologists have found cave paintings thought to be Central Europe's oldest such artwork in Baden-Württemberg’s Swabian Alps.

They found four painted stones from the cave Hohle Fels near Schelklingen, although the meaning of the red-brown spots is still a mystery.

The stone paintings, thought to be 15,000 years old, are being displayed at a special exhibition at the University of Tübingen’s museum.

The spots don’t seem particularly artistic at first glance. But they are important because they represent the first time such old paintings have been found in Central Europe, although similar work has been seen in France and Spain.

The stones at Hohe Fels appear to have been painted with a mixture of red chalk and lime, with water from the cave, said excavation technician Maria Malina.

“These spots are anything but accidental,” said archaeologist Nicholas Conard who assisted on the find. “It is quite clear that they have relevant content.”

What it all really means remains unclear. There is speculation the spots could refer to shamanism or be a menstrual calendar of sorts.

Hohle Fels has been a magnet for archaeologists in recent years after researchers working there found a Venus figure and flutes thought to be 40,000 years old.

http://www.thelocal.de/sci-tech/20111109-38751.html

With thanks to ron264995 for the link.
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Ice Age painting in central Europe by Andy B on Friday, 09 December 2011
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More at the museum web site

http://www.urgeschichte.uni-tuebingen.de/index.php?id=4&L=1

http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/museum-schloss/
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Archaeologists find Ice Age painting in central Europe by Andy B on Friday, 09 December 2011
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Recent excavations conducted by the University of Tübingen at Hohle Fels Cave in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany have produced new evidence for the earliest painting tradition in Central Europe about 15,000 years ago.

This period is referred to as the Magdalenian and is named after the site of La Madeleine in France.

Three of the new paintings show double rows of red dots on limestone cobbles, while one painted fragment may originate from the wall of the cave.

These are the first examples of painted rocks recovered in Germany since 1998 when Prof. Nicholas Conard’s team working at Hohle Fels discovered a single painted rock. In addition to the painted rocks, finds of ochre and haematite that were used to make pigments have also been recovered.

Although Ice Age cave paintings are well documented in western Europe, particularly in France and Spain, wall paintings are unknown in central Europe

Although Ice Age cave paintings are well documented in western Europe, particularly in France and Spain, wall paintings are unknown in central Europe. The lack of wall paintings at Hohle Fels in particular as well as in Central Europe as a whole may in part be a reflection of the harsh climate of the region that continually led to the erosion and damage to the walls of the caves.

The paintings from Hohle Fels Cave in the Ach Valley near Schelklingen document the oldest tradition of painting in central Europe. The painted limestone cobbles from Hohle Fels all show very similar motifs, and these rows of painted red dots must have had a particular meaning to the inhabitants of the region.

Unlike the many examples of painting of animals in the Palaeolithic art, these abstract depictions remain difficult to interpret.

The new finds from Hohle Fels form the centrepiece of a special exhibit in the Museum of Schloss Hohentübigen entitled:

Bemalte Steine – das Ende der Eiszeitkunst auf der Schwäbischen Alb (Painted rocks: The end of the Ice Age art of the Swabian Jura).

The exhibit runs from November 10, 2011 – January 29, 2011 and presents the new finds from Hohle Fels as well as important comparative finds from Hohle Fels and other excavations of the University of Tübingen.

More at
http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/11/2011/archaeologists-find-ice-age-painting-in-central-europe
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How similar was Neandertal behavior to that of modern humans? by Andy B on Friday, 09 December 2011
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Submitted by coldrum/bat400 on 18-05-2009

Neandertals have long been portrayed as dumb brutes. But a growing body of evidence hints that these extinct humans were much savvier than previously thought. The results of a new study presented here last week at the annual meeting of the Paleoanthropology Society bolster that view, and suggest that, in fact, Neandertals acted in much the same way as early modern humans.

To compare the behavior of Neandertals and early moderns, paleoanthropologist Bruce Hardy of Kenyon College studied artifacts from a site in southwestern Germany called Hohle Fels. The site contains several levels of archaeological remains. One of these levels dates to between 36,000 and 40,000 years ago and contains tools manufactured in the Mousterian cultural tradition associated with Neandertals. Another comprises items that are 33,000 to 36,000 years old and are made in the Aurignacian style associated with early modern humans.

Hohle Fels is ideal for comparing Neandertal and modern human behavior is that both groups lived under comparable climate and environmental conditions at this locale (cold temperatures and open habitat). They also had the same prey animals available to them, such as reindeer and horse.

Hardy examined the Mousterian and Aurignacian implements under a microscope, looking at their wear patterns and searching for residues from the substances with which the tools came into contact. He found that although the modern humans created a larger variety of tools than did the Neandertals, the groups engaged in mostly the same activities, including using tree resin to bind stone points to wooden handles, employing stone points as thrusting or projectile weapons, crafting implements from bone and wood, butchering animals and scraping hides.

What this means, Hardy says, is that form and function are not linked. “You don’t need a grapefruit spoon to eat a grapefruit,” he told ScientificAmerican.com. Perhaps Neandertals did not bother inventing additional tool types because they were able to get the job done just fine without them. “Neandertals stuck around for 150,000 years,” Hardy notes. “That’s not a species that doesn’t know what it’s doing.”

Yet if Neandertals were so capable, why did they ultimately disappear? “We don’t really know,” Hardy admits. But he doesn’t think that modern humans killed them off. It could just be that modern humans had a slight reproductive advantage that, over thousands of years, allowed their population to swamp the Neandertal one.

For more, see http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-second-science/post.cfm?id=how-similar-was-neandertal-behavior-2009-04-06
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Ivory bird displays ancient skill by Andy B on Friday, 09 December 2011
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Submitted by vicky on Wednesday, 17 December 2003

A sculpted piece of mammoth ivory may be the earliest representation of a bird in the archaeological record. The 30,000-year-old figurine, found at Hohle Fels Cave in Germany's Ach Valley, depicts what looks to be a diving cormorant with swept-back wings. It was found with carvings of a similar style - one shaped like a horse's head; the other is half-animal, half-human.

Experts have told the journal Nature that the figurines are among the most exquisite examples of early human art.

It is not possible to say for sure which particular hominid species made the objects.

However, Professor Nicholas Conard, from the department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Tubingen University, who reports their discovery, says the sculptors were probably modern humans (Homo sapiens).

Deep lines

"We assume so because these Upper Palaeolithic layers in which the figurines were found are associated with modern humans - and not with Neanderthals, for example," he told BBC News Online.

The figurines themselves are really quite small. The bird is the longest item, being 4.7 centimetres from the tip of the beak to the rear tail feathers.

It was found in two pieces at the cave complex - near the town of Schelklingen, 20 kilometres southwest of Ulm - last year.

"A cormorant has a little hook on the beak which this doesn't have but the general shape is certainly like a cormorant," Professor Conard said. "It's clearly a water bird of some kind."

It has legs but no indication of feet. The back of the bird shows a series of distinct lines that apparently represents feathers.

The animal head was very probably a depiction of a horse, although it could possibly be a bear, Professor Conard said. Again the detail is fine: the mouth, nostrils and eyes of the animal are depicted with deeply incised lines.

The third figure is more difficult to interpret. It stands 2.5 cm high and has undoubted human features such as shoulders, short arms and a delicately carved ear - but the face is like a lion.

Early workshops

Professor Conard said the objects might have had a symbolic use associated with shamanism, an archaic magico-religious belief system that sought connections between the visible and spirit worlds.

The collection joins a group of more than 20 ivory figurines now recovered at four sites in the Ach and Lone Valleys: Vogelherd, Geissenklosterle, Hohlenstein-Stadel and Hohle Fels.

They are all of a similar age - around 30,000-plus years old.

Dr Anthony Sinclair, an expert in Palaeolithic archaeology at Liverpool University, UK, said the German haul represented "the oldest body of figurative art in the world - pieces that show a coherent set of manufacturing techniques and themes for representation."

He speculated from the number of fine objects and waste materials recovered at the sites that cave complexes like Hohle Fels could have been early artists' workshops.

He said they rivalled in age and sophistication the remarkable cave paintings at Chauvet in southern France.

"They are as good as anything you will see thousands of years later - from 3-4,000 BC, that sort of period. The quality of the work is very good indeed," he told BBC News Online.

Work of chance

The Hohle Fels discovery supported the idea that artistic ability was explosive in its origin, he added.

"We have always assumed that skills would take some time to evolve - we thought the simplest charcoal drawings were the oldest and the paintings were the most recent. And yet our carbon dates now show that some of the most beautiful and elaborate paintings are among the oldest things we have."

And Professor Conard said: "These kinds of finds are proof to me that starting at that time,

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Ancient phallus unearthed in cave by Andy B on Friday, 09 December 2011
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Submitted by coldrum on Monday, 25 July 2005

A sculpted and polished phallus found in a German cave is among the earliest representations of male sexuality ever uncovered, researchers say. The 20cm-long, 3cm-wide stone object, which is dated to be about 28,000 years old, was buried in the famous Hohle Fels Cave near Ulm in the Swabian Jura.

The prehistoric "tool" was reassembled from 14 fragments of siltstone.

Its life size suggests it may well have been used as a sex aid by its Ice Age makers, scientists report.

"In addition to being a symbolic representation of male genitalia, it was also at times used for knapping flints," explained Professor Nicholas Conard, from the department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, at Tübingen University.

"There are some areas where it has some very typical scars from that," he told the BBC News website.

Researchers believe the object's distinctive form and etched rings around one end mean there can be little doubt as to its symbolic nature.

"It's highly polished; it's clearly recognisable," said Professor Conard.

The Tübingen team working Hohle Fels already had 13 fractured parts of the phallus in storage, but it was only with the discovery of a 14th fragment last year that the team was able finally to put the "jigsaw" together.

The different stone sections were all recovered from a well-dated ash layer in the cave complex associated with the activities of modern humans (not their pre-historic "cousins", the Neanderthals).

The dig site is one of the most remarkable in central Europe. Hohle Fels stands more than 500m above sea level in the Ach River Valley and has produced thousands of Upper Palaeolithic items.

Some have been truly exquisite in their sophistication and detail, such as a 30,000-year-old avian figurine crafted from mammoth ivory. It is believed to be one of the earliest representations of a bird in the archaeological record.

There are other stone objects known to science that are obviously phallic symbols and are slightly older - from France and Morocco, of particular note. But to have any representation of male genitalia from this time period is highly unusual.

"Female representations with highly accentuated sexual attributes are very well documented at many sites, but male representations are very, very rare," explained Professor Conard.

Current evidence indicates that the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany was one of the central regions of cultural innovation after the arrival of modern humans in Europe some 40,000 years ago.

The Hohle Fels phallus will go on show at Blaubeuren prehistoric museum in an exhibition called Ice Art - Clearly Male.

Source: BBC Online 25 July 2005
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Prehistoric flute in Germany is oldest known by Andy B on Friday, 09 December 2011
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Submitted by coldrum on Friday, 26 June 2009

A bird-bone flute unearthed in a German cave was carved some 35,000 years ago and is the oldest handcrafted musical instrument yet discovered, archaeologists say, offering the latest evidence that early modern humans in Europe had established a complex and creative culture.

A team led by University of Tuebingen archaeologist Nicholas Conard assembled the flute from 12 pieces of griffon vulture bone scattered in a small plot of the Hohle Fels cave in southern Germany.

Together, the pieces comprise a 8.6-inch (22-centimeter) instrument with five holes and a notched end. Conard said the flute was 35,000 years old.

"It's unambiguously the oldest instrument in the world," Conard told The Associated Press this week. His findings were published online Wednesday by the journal Nature.

Other archaeologists agreed with Conard's assessment.

April Nowell, a Paleolithic archaeologist at the University of Victoria in Canada, said the flute predates previously discovered instruments "but the dates are not so much older that it's surprising or controversial." Nowell was not involved in Conard's research.

The Hohle Fels flute is more complete and appears slightly older than bone and ivory fragments from seven other flutes recovered in southern German caves and documented by Conard and his colleagues in recent years.

Another flute excavated in Austria is believed to be 19,000 years old, and a group of 22 flutes found in the French Pyrenees mountains has been dated at up to 30,000 years ago.

Conard's team excavated the flute in September 2008, the same month they recovered six ivory fragments from the Hohle Fels cave that form a female figurine they believe is the oldest known sculpture of the human form.

Together, the flute and the figure — found in the same layer of sediment — suggest that modern humans had established an advanced culture in Europe 35,000 years ago, said Wil Roebroeks, an archaeologist at Leiden University in the Netherlands who didn't participate in Conard's study.

Roebroeks said it's difficult to say how cognitively and socially advanced these people were. But the physical trappings of their lives — including musical instruments, personal decorations and figurative art — match the objects we associate with modern human behavior, Roebroeks said.

"It shows that from the moment that modern humans enter Europe ... it is as modern in terms of material culture as it can get," Roebroeks told The AP. He agreed with Conard's assertion that the flute appears to be the earliest known musical instrument in the world.

Neanderthals also lived in Europe around the time the flute and sculpture were made, and frequented the Hohle Fels cave. Both Conard and Roebroeks believe, however, that layered deposits left by both species over thousands of years suggest the artifacts were crafted by early modern humans.

"The material record is so completely different from what happened in these hundreds of thousands of years before with the Neanderthals," Roebroeks said. "I would put my money on modern humans having created and played these flutes."

In 1995, archaeologist Ivan Turk excavated a bear bone artifact from a cave in Slovenia, known as the Divje Babe flute, that he has dated at around 43,000 years ago and suggested was made by Neanderthals.

But other archaeologists, including Nowell, have challenged that theory, suggesting instead that the twin holes on the 4.3-inch-long (11-centimeter-long) bone were made by a carnivore's bite.

Turk did not respond to an e-mail seeking comment.

Nowell said other researchers have hypothesized that early humans may have used spear points as wind chimes and that markings on some cave stalactites suggest they were used as percussive instruments. But there is no proof, she said, and the Hoh

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