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<< Other Photo Pages >> Denisova - Cave or Rock Shelter in Russia

Submitted by bat400 on Tuesday, 15 February 2011  Page Views: 10489

Natural PlacesSite Name: Denisova Alternative Name: Ayu-Tash (Bear Rock), Денисова пещера
Country: Russia
NOTE: This site is 25.155 km away from the location you searched for.

Type: Cave or Rock Shelter
Nearest Town: Barnaul  Nearest Village: Chorny Anui
Latitude: 51.398000N  Longitude: 84.676000E
Condition:
5Perfect
4Almost Perfect
3Reasonable but with some damage
2Ruined but still recognisable as an ancient site
1Pretty much destroyed, possibly visible as crop marks
0No data.
-1Completely destroyed
no data Ambience:
5Superb
4Good
3Ordinary
2Not Good
1Awful
0No data.
no data Access:
5Can be driven to, probably with disabled access
4Short walk on a footpath
3Requiring a bit more of a walk
2A long walk
1In the middle of nowhere, a nightmare to find
0No data.
no data Accuracy:
5co-ordinates taken by GPS or official recorded co-ordinates
4co-ordinates scaled from a detailed map
3co-ordinates scaled from a bad map
2co-ordinates of the nearest village
1co-ordinates of the nearest town
0no data
3
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Denisova
Denisova submitted by bat400 : Description: English: Tourists at the entrance to Denisova Cave, Russia Date: July 2007 Author: ЧуваевНиколай at ru.wikipedia ALtered from the original in accordance with licensing: ЧуваевНиколай at ru.wikipedia, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publishes it under the following licenses: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify th... (Vote or comment on this photo)
Cave in Siberia.
The cave is located above the Anuy River. Ancient artefacts and remains have been dated by both radio carbon dating of charcoal and thermoluminescence dating of sediments to 125,000 - 180,000 years ago. Both practical tools and decorative objects made by ancient people have been found, including tools attributed to Neanderthals.

In the sediments are also the remains of over a hundred different animals species from cave lions to small birds, and pollen traces, giving an idea of the resources these ancient humans could utilize.
In March 2010, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology published a study showing that DNA sequencing of human bone fragments reveal a possible new human ancestor, dubbed Denisova hominin.

See this link for the Megalithic Portal's first reference to the published evidence. Similar, more recent articles, appear below in the comments.

Note: Denisova Cave Yields a 50,000-Year-Old Needle. Diabetes risk gene 'from Neanderthals'. See comments.
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2015-07-12 12.32.54

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 10.8km NW 315° Karama - Paleolithic settlement* Ancient Village or Settlement
 63.9km ESE 102° Tavdinsky Caves Cave or Rock Shelter
 104.6km SE 126° Tuekta kurgan* Artificial Mound
 106.6km ENE 59° Oldest settlement Ulalinka* Ancient Village or Settlement
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 186.7km SE 126° Kalbak-Tash* Rock Art
 189.5km SE 125° Chuya Deer Stone* Standing Stone (Menhir)
 250.8km WSW 237° Seleutas Mountain Sphinx* Natural Stone / Erratic / Other Natural Feature
 258.0km SSE 152° Berel Burial Mounds* Barrow Cemetery
 323.0km ESE 122° Tarhatinsky megalithic site* Standing Stones
 360.2km SE 134° Shiveet Mountain Petroglyphs* Rock Art
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 406.1km SE 138° Lake Hoton Round Barrow Round Barrow(s)
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 462.1km NE 42° Paleolithic settlement Small Syya* Ancient Village or Settlement
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 499.4km NE 41° Complex Sunduki* Natural Stone / Erratic / Other Natural Feature
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 536.8km E 84° Ancient sanctuary Chaa-Holl* Rock Cut Tomb
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"Denisova" | Login/Create an Account | 7 News and Comments
  
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Denisova Cave Yields a 50,000-Year-Old Needle by bat400 on Sunday, 28 August 2016
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The 7 centimetre (2 3/4 inch) needle was made and used by our long extinct Denisovan ancestors, a recently-discovered hominin species or subspecies.

Scientists found the sewing implement - complete with a hole for thread - during the annual summer archeological dig at an Altai Mountains cave widely believed to hold the secrets of man's origins. It appears to be still useable after 50,000 years.

Professor Mikhail Shunkov, head of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography in Novosibirsk, said: 'It is the most unique find of this season, which can even be called sensational.

For photos and more information, see The Siberian Times .
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Diabetes risk gene 'from Neanderthals' by bat400 on Wednesday, 15 January 2014
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A gene variant that seems to increase the risk of diabetes in Latin Americans appears to have been inherited from Neanderthals, a study suggests. The gene variant was found in Neanderthal remains from Denisova Cave, Siberia.

We now know that modern humans interbred with a population of Neanderthals shortly after leaving Africa 60,000-70,000 years ago.
This means that Neanderthal genes are now scattered across the genomes of all non-Africans living today.

The gene variant was detected in a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) of more than 8,000 Mexicans and other Latin Americans. The GWAS approach looks at many genes in different individuals, to see whether they are linked with a particular trait.

People who carry the higher risk version of the gene are 25% more likely to have diabetes than those who do not, and people who inherited copies from both parents are 50% more likely to have diabetes.

The higher risk form of the gene - named SLC16A11 - has been found in up to half of people with recent Native American ancestry, including Latin Americans.

The variant is found in about 20% of East Asians and is rare in populations from Europe and Africa. The elevated frequency of this variant in Latin Americans could account for as much as 20% of these populations' increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes - the origins of which are complex and poorly understood.

"To date, genetic studies have largely used samples from people of European or Asian ancestry, which makes it possible to miss culprit genes that are altered at different frequencies in other populations," said co-author Jose Florez, associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts.

"By expanding our search to include samples from Mexico and Latin America, we've found one of the strongest genetic risk factors discovered to date, which could illuminate new pathways to target with drugs and a deeper understanding of the disease."

They discovered that the SLC16A11 sequence associated with risk of type 2 diabetes is found in a newly sequenced Neanderthal genome from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Analyses indicate that the higher risk version of SLC16A11 was introduced into modern humans through interbreeding between early modern humans and Neanderthals.

"One of the most exciting aspects of this work is that we've uncovered a new clue about the biology of diabetes," said co-author David Altshuler, who is based at the Broad Institute in Massachusetts.

Altering the levels of the SLC16A11 protein can change the amount of a type of fat that has been implicated in the risk of diabetes. These findings suggest that SLC16A11 could be involved in the transport of an unknown metabolite that affects fat levels in cells and thereby increases risk of type 2 diabetes.

For more, see bbc.co.uk
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Ancient cave girl genome could crack Man's genetic puzzle by Andy B on Wednesday, 08 February 2012
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Nearly 500GB of data from the DNA of an ancient girl has been published for the first time. The genetic information - made available for wider analysis by intrigued boffins - was extracted from her finger bone and tooth, which were unearthed in the Denisova Cave in Siberia in 2008.

“It's a tiny little bone,” said Professor Svante Pääbo from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. “The whole fragment was 16 milligrams.”

A draft, incomplete version of the cave girl DNA – which has come to be known as Denisovan after the cave where the samples were found – was published in December 2010.

The remains are estimated to be 30,000 to 50,000 years old and show that Neanderthals and modern humans were not the only hominids living at the same time.

The discovery also found that Denisovans interbred with Homo sapiens, with 5 per cent of their DNA living on in modern humans. Their descendants today live in Papua New Guinea, east Indonesia, Australia, Fiji and Polynesia.

It is only now that sequencing technology is capable of producing the high level of accuracy needed for further research. That is thanks to the work of Matthias Meyer, who has developed a new way of ensuring that DNA sequencers such as the Illumina Genome Analyzer IIX, the one used by Pääbo's team, need only 10 per cent of the sample in order to sequence it. Meyer's breakthrough is an improvement in efficiency on previous methods by a factor of ten.

More here
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/02/08/denisova_cave_girl_dna/
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Ancient Denisovans and the human family tree by bat400 on Tuesday, 15 February 2011
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In March, researchers, including scientists at the Max Planck Institute, obtained a complete mitrochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence for the same finger bone, dated to about 40,000 years ago, showing that it was from neither a modern human nor Neanderthal.

Professor Chris Stringer, human origins expert, comments on this research, ‘The recovery of mtDNA from Denisova Cave was an exciting enough development, but this latest work by many of the same team is nothing short of sensational.

‘This new work showed that the fossil finger bone female was actually slightly closer genetically to Neanderthals than to modern humans, but something else even more remarkable was revealed: the Denisovan is also related to one group of living humans - Melanesians, who live on some of the islands of south east Asia.’

‘The most plausible explanation for this finding,’ says Stringer, ’is that Denisovans were present further south as well as in Siberia, and [modern human] populations migrating from Africa through south east Asia must have interbred with some of these Denisovans, picking up an estimated 5% of their genes.’

Modern humans migrated out of Africa between 55,000-60,000 years ago. An intriguing question for scientists has been whether they interbred with other human species as they spread out around the rest of the world. Last May, scientists obtained genetic evidence that showed that modern humans outside of Africa share genetic information with Neanderthals, which suggests that they must have interbred. And now Denisova genes have also been added to the human genetic mix. But how much interbreeding went on?

Stringer says ‘In terms of actual interbreeding events, on present data there might only have been two: one in the Middle East, that input about 2.5% Neanderthal genes into recent humans outside Africa; and a subsequent one in south east Asia that added an additional 5% of Denisovan DNA into the ancestors of modern Melanesians.

‘If the populations were very small, that component [5% Denisovan genes] might represent as few as 50 Denisovans mixing with 1000 pre-Melanesians, but it was sufficient to give the present-day inhabitants of places like New Guinea and Bougainville as much as 8% “archaic” genes - a small Neanderthal component they acquired first, probably in western Asia, and an additional Denisovan component they acquired later.

‘While these results do not challenge the notion that everyone alive today traces most of their genetic heritage to a recent African origin, the story has undoubtedly got a whole lot more complicated,’ says Stringer.
While modern humans left Africa about 60,000 years ago, there were also earlier human migrations, for example Homo erectus from about 1.75 million years ago.

However, Stringer says that the Denisovan lineage probably evolved in parallel with those of Neanderthals and modern humans.

Stringer points out that this research raises many fundamental questions about human evolution past and present. And what function could the genes have? Stringer explains, ‘As with the presence of small amounts of Neanderthal genes in some people today, there will now be considerable attention to what, if anything, those Denisovan genes might be doing in Melanesians. Are the genes functional, perhaps conferring resistance to disease or having some other effect on the biology of these populations today?

Stringer concludes, ‘Personally I think that the distinctiveness and separate evolutionary histories of groups like Neanderthals and modern humans warrant their continuing recognition at the species level. However, if genetic data eventually show that such interbreeding events were common and widespread then it will certainly be time to revisit the way we classify human species.’

Thanks to coldrum for the linked article. See more at http://www.nhm.ac.uk.
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    Re: Ancient Denisovans and the human family tree by davidmorgan on Monday, 30 November 2015
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    Who were the Denisovans?

    At an unusual meeting at a Siberian cave, researchers find that these mysterious archaic humans lived in the same place as both modern humans and Neanderthals - though not necessarily at the same time - and their range probably stretched into east Asia.
    From http://www.sciencemag.org
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Fossil Finger DNA Points to New Type of Human by bat400 on Tuesday, 15 February 2011
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Continued study of an approximately 40,000 year old finger bone from Siberia has identified a previously unknown type of human — one that may have interbred with the ancestors of modern-day Melanesian people.

The fossil scrap — just the tip of a juvenile female’s finger — was discovered in 2008 during excavations of Denisova cave in Siberia’s Altai Mountains. In an initial announcement published in April in Nature, a team of scientists led by geneticist Svante Pääbo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology concluded the bone belonged to a distinct population of humans that last shared a common ancestor with Neanderthals and our species about a million years ago.

The new study, published by Pääbo and colleagues Dec. 22 in Nature, provides further evidence that Denisova cave was home to unique humans. The researchers analyzed genetic sequences recovered from the nuclei of cells, which offer better resolution of relationships than the mitochondrial samples used in the previous research. The Denisova DNA sequences were closest to the Neanderthals, indicating they shared a more recent common ancestor with Neanderthals than with us.

The new genetic data suggests the ancestors of the Neanderthals and Denisovans left Africa between 300,000 to 400,000 years ago and rapidly diverged.

“The Neanderthal and Denisova population history may be roughly twice the length suggested in [the Nature] paper,” said University of Wisconsin — Madison anthropologist John Hawks, who was not involved with this study. “The ancestors [of the Denisovans] might be the original “Homo erectus” dispersal from Africa.”

The big question, however, is whether the Denisovans are a new species of human.

They were genetically distinct from other humans, and an upper molar tooth (above) found at the same excavation hints that these people were similar to earlier species like Homo erectus.

But this is not enough to declare a new species, especially since the same team of researchers recently found that Neanderthals likely interbred with populations of our species that moved outside Africa. Between 1 and 4 percent of the genes of non-Africans match those found in Neanderthals.

An unexpected discovery about the Denisovans further complicates the picture: Some modern-day people carry Denisovan genes. Through genetic comparisons Pääbo’s team found that some people from Melanesia — an assemblage of islands off Australia’s east coast, including New Guinea — share 4 to 6 percent of their genomes with the Denisovans. This probably indicates that the Denisovans interbred with anatomically modern humans despite the split between our lineages over a million years ago.

The authors of the new paper didn’t go as far as calling the Denisovans a new species, and “on a biological species concept,” says Hawks, “there’s really no reason to regard this as a different species.”

Thanks to colrum for the linked article. For more, see wiredscience/2010.
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    Re: Fossil Finger DNA Points to New Type of Human by bat400 on Tuesday, 15 February 2011
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    "There are a lot of fossils around that are enigmatic. No one really knows what they are. It might well be that many of them are Denisovans, but the only way to know would be either to extract DNA from them and show they're related or excavate in the Denisova cave and find more bones so we can compare them with other fossils. The Denisovans may not be as unknown as we think," Pääbo said.

    A similar article comes from The Guardian. Thanks to coldrum.
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